Equality and Inclusion in Health and Social Care

Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or childrens and young peoples settings.Explain what is meant by: DiversityThe differences between individuals and groups in society arising from gender, ethnic origins, social, cultural or religious back ground, familtnstructure, disabilities, sexuality and appearance. Equality- is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably, specific to their needs, including areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and age.Inclusion is about equal opportunities for all, whatever their age, gender, ethnicity, attainment and background.Describe the potiential effects of discriminationDiscrimination against children makes them have a low-self esteem and they find life very lonely. They may resentful towards those discriminating them and perform poorly when it comes to activities set for them. They may become defensive and are reluctant to ask for help for fear of ridicule or embarrassment.Explain how inclusive practise promotes equality and supports diversityPromoting inclusion is to help children have positive attitudes towards differences and so reduce the likelihood thst they will develop prejudiced views, you can practise this in ways such as helping children see differnces in a positive way- as interesting and enriching to all our lives and develop positive and respectful attitudes towards people from all walks of life.Explain how legislation and code of practice relating to eqaulity, diversity and discrimination apply to your own work roleThe Equality Act 2010 brings together all previous acts relating to equality and discrimination. The Act applies to all organisations that provide a service to the public. The Act protects all individuals and groups from discrimination. Early years setting must be aware of these laws and have in place a policy regarding equality of opportunities and for supporting children with learning difficulti es and disabilities Providers must also have regard to the SEN code of practice.The EYFS also states that providers have a responsibility to enssure positive attitudes to diversity and difference. Within my setting we have a Equality and Diversity policy and a SEN and disability policy these policies must be followed by staff and integrated in to our working practice. The policies bring together all the main points from the various acts and the requirements of the EYFS.Describe how to challange discrimination in a way that promotes changeYou should never ignore or excuse such discriminatory behaviour any more than you would ignore or excuse someone if they inflicted physical pain on someone else. It must be addressed because if you do not respond and just let the incident pass you are contributing to the person feeling that it is acceptable to speak or behave that way. To promote change you need to change people’s attitude toward other races, sexuality, religion etc.We try to educate our children in my setting about different culture, disabilities by doing things like having time so that children can share their experiences with each other, and encourage them to think of other people’s feelings and share different options with each other and also give them the opportunity to think about what it is like foe other people and ask them to think about themselves in other people shoes.

Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use

The Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine Use Tobacco and alcohol use are common addictions amongst Americans. Each of these products are easily accessible at any convenience store and are perceived to be pleasurable activities as a result of their prevalence in American society. Both drugs also have significantly adverse effects on an individual's health and overall well-being. However, tobacco and alcohol consumption are quite different in the nature of the addiction, and the risks each drug pose to one's health. Tobacco has been present even before the establishment of America.In 1492, Christopher Columbus was offered dried tobacco leaves from the Native Americans he encountered. By 1600, tobacco was used for its assumed healing qualities and was often used as currency. Not until 1826 was the pure form of nicotine finally discovered and labeled a dangerous poison. During the 1980's, many lawsuits were filed against tobacco companies because of the harmful effects of their products. Smok ing became politically incorrect and more businesses began to prohibit smoking on their premises.Despite this, cigarette consumption in America is still common. Today, Marlboro is considered one of the most valuable brands of any product in the world, valued at over 30 billion dollars. (NCSU Libraries) Although the supposed health benefits of tobacco have been promoted by both a variety of cultures and corporations alike, the physical effects of nicotine on the body are now indisputable. In as little as ten minutes after consumption, nicotine can raise blood pressure, heart rate, and constrict blood vessels,thus increasing the chance of heart attack and stroke.Habitual use has been linked to cancer of the lung, throat, mouth, esophagus, bladder, cervix, kidney, larynx, and stomach. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) Even casual use is accompanied by increased coughing, congestion, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Aside from the havoc wrought internally from the frequent us e of tobacco, it also causes negative changes to one's physical appearance. These changes include, but are not limited to, tooth decay, gingivial recession, halitosis, stained fingers, and an unpleasant odor on one's person. University Health Center at the University of Georgia) According to the American Heart Association, in as little as one cigarette, a user may be addicted to nicotine. Nicotine addiction is recognized by the uncontrollable cravings to consume tobacco products. An addict may feel anxious about the next time they are able to use, and may be very irritable until their craving has been satisfied. As a user decreases their use of tobacco, they begin to withdrawal. Indications of withdrawal are different for each individual.A person will generally be cantankerous, and may suffer physical ailments, such as headaches, nausea, and cold like symptoms. Increased appetite, impaired work performance, and depression are additional symptoms linked to nicotine withdrawal. (Natio nal Library of Medicine) Alcohol has been a prevalent substance in human culture since 6400 B. C. According to Dr. William L. Smith, excavated clay jugs dating back to neolithic periods suggest the intentional fermentation of alcohol. Alcohol most likely originated in Middle Eastern regions, and was used primarily for its healing, antiseptic and religious purposes, often as a gift to the divine.Alcohol has always been a part of American culture, as it was first brought over by English settlers. One of the first laws regarding alcohol was passed in early seventeenth century Virginia. The law prohibited public drunkenness, as it was a threat to society. Though, the first alcohol related laws did not prohibit the substance itself. In 1920, National Prohibition took effect, consequently the 18th Amendment of the United States Constitution. However, in 1933, the 21st Amendment repealed the prohibition, legalizing the creation, sale, and consumption of alcohol. WWW2 Webserver) Laws in reg ards to alcohol had to be placed into effect in order to ensure the safety of America's people. Whether or not the alcohol use is routine, the array of symptoms that may be exhibited have the opportunity to be devastating to the user and to the public.In one night of drinking, the intoxicated individual has already put themselves at risk for alcohol poisoning, miscarriage, violence, and death. One of the least tolerated criminal offenses of today is driving while intoxicated (DWI), or driving under the influence (DUI), which is defined by a blood alcohol content level over . 8%. A few sips of an alcoholic beverage can debilitate the driver, causing them to careen in and out of lanes, run red lights, and other dangerous driving practices. Alcohol is also a common factor in regards to risky sexual behaviors. The impaired ability to make responsible decisions increases the chance of accidental pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. Heavy alcohol use over the lifetime causes ann ihilating physical and psychiatric damage to the body. The user becomes at risk for a variety of health issues, including cirrhosis, dementia, liver disease, and stroke.Long term use also puts the individual at risk for mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and colon cancer. While the internal damage is taking place, the individual is slowly using their ability to function in society. The daily drunken stupor or hangover prohibits the person from excelling in the work place and in the classroom. Stomach pain, headache, and irritability are common symptoms that hinder the usefulness of the individual. If these characteristics persist, job loss and expulsion will occur. Aside from the regression of skills and potential successes, an alcoholic will induce detriment upon their family and friends. Center for Disease Control and Prevention) Alcoholism is, according to the University of Maryland Medical center, a â€Å"chronic, often progressive disease in which a person craves alcohol and dri nks despite repeated alcohol related problems, like losing a job or a relationship. † The disease is often accompanied by a significantly high tolerance to alcohol, drinking in order to feel â€Å"good† again. An addict may sneak or hide drinks, plan activities around drinking, or drink to escape life's hassles. Family and friends of the victim may notice personality changes, mood swings, and broken promises.The addict may feel troubled by how much they are consuming, and may be quick to defend themselves with confrontations regarding their drinking habits. When an alcoholic is unable to drink as much as need be, they suffer from physical withdrawal symptoms that inhibit them from feeling well. Nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety, are all common signs of alcohol withdrawal. Insomnia, hand tremors, and fatigue are additional symptoms that may be experienced. (University of Maryland Medical Center) Alcohol and tobacco products are commonly used in not only American s ociety, but in cultures around the globe.They have each continued to be advertised as enjoyable experiences, thus their social acceptability. Despite their prevalence and media allure, scientific evidence is irrefutable. Single and habitual use of nicotine and alcohol both affect the body in significantly negative ways. These substances are both linked to a variety of cancers, amongst other health issues. The forgo of these drugs results in mild to severe emotional discomfort. Typical behaviors include depression, irritability and apprehension. In addition, visible cues such as sweating and shakiness are common in withdrawal.Based upon scientific study, alcohol and tobacco use are practices not to be taken lightly. Their toxic effects on the human body are disregarded in American culture, however, it is imperative that every user understands each substance in its entirety. A nicotine addiction is quite different from an alcohol dependency, as nicotine seems to be primarily a physica lly unhealthy habit, and alcohol becomes a lifestyle. Nonetheless, each addiction is completely detrimental to one's health, and all risks should be considered before taking that first sip or smoke.

Theodore Roosevelt's Military Experience Research Paper

Theodore Roosevelt's Military Experience - Research Paper Example One can never undermine the naval reconstruction undertaken by Theodore Roosevelt. As the Assistant Secretary of the Navy Roosevelt was deeply influenced by naval officer and historian Alfred Thayer Mahan and he rendered remarkable services in establishing a modern navy that could protect the interests of the nation around the globe. In fact, Roosevelt strongly believed in expansionism and he held that â€Å"the United States should build up its navy and start asserting its global power† (Shmoop 9). Even though he served the navy as assistant secretary for only one year Roosevelt took special efforts to develop â€Å"contacts with noted naval strategists, planned future strategies for a naval war with Spain, and appointed George Dewey to command the Asiatic Squadron† (Crucible of Empire-PBS Online). All these efforts culminated in the emergence of Roosevelt as one of the most efficient and tactful of American military officers. Theodore Roosevelt’s war in Cuba ha s elaborately been documented by many authors of history. As the Assistant Secretary of the Navy he prepared the navy ready for any wars and he succeeded in convincing the army that intervention in Cuba is necessary. He convinced his navy men that â€Å"it was the moral duty of the United States to end Spanish misrule in Cuba and to stop at once and forever the despotic tyranny of the Spanish Governor-General, Weyler† (Lewis 120). In his autobiography Roosevelt himself confesses that the war in Cuba was inevitable and that it was motivated by humane motives rather than for political interests. In his autobiography he observes that â€Å"Spain attempted to govern her colonies on archaic principles which rendered her control of them incompatible with the advance of humanity and intolerable to the conscience of mankind† (Roosevelt 159). Thus, Roosevelt sought to wipe out the misery, degradation, devastation and destruction that the Cubans had to endure at the hands of the Spanish imperialists. In 1898 the explosion occurred on the USS Maine in Havana Harbor offered a golden opportunity for Roosevelt to prompt the American government to wage war in Cuba. Roosevelt also motivated his men to assist the Cubans who were waging a very important war to gain independence from Spain since 1895. Roosevelt played a pivotal role in the Spanish-American War, the Battle of Manila Bay and his able leadership at the helm of the First Volunteer Cavalry, nicknamed as the "Rough Riders" won him recognition as well as popularity. The voluntary cavalry men under Roosevelt supplemented the depleted U.S. Army in the war and tuned the war in favor of the US army. Roosevelt and his Rough Riders landed in Cuba on 22 June 1898 and by August the Rough Riders turned the war in favor of the American force. At the battle of San Juan Heights Roosevelt led the army from the forefront and the image of Roosevelt charging up the San Juan Hill in 1898 turned out to be a historical icon in the US history and very soon he assumed the status of a national hero. The question whether Theodore Roosevelt should be awarded the medal of honour evoked a lot of debates in the United States. While his own companions offered testimony for his courage and absolute fearlessness in the battlefield it is doubtful why he was not honoured with the Medal of Honor during his life time itself. There are many historians who hold that

Experiences with People of Other Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Experiences with People of Other Cultures - Essay Example I have traveled to different parts of the globe because I want to experience as many cultures as I possibly can. I believe that we can all learn from other cultures because everyone has different values and beliefs. Learning about someone else’s culture not only develops my understanding for their culture, but it also helps to develop my own. This is because I can use another culture and compare it to my own, thus critically examining all the strengths and weaknesses of it. My experiences with other cultures will help me to work with a diverse student population because I already feel comfortable working with students from different cultural backgrounds. I believe that every student should be treated fairly and not discriminated against because of their culture or race, which is something that they have no control over whatsoever. Promoting equality among students also helps to improve the overall learning environment in the classroom because it gives students of minority ethnic groups the chance to thrive. I understand that some people feel uncomfortable learning alongside students of other cultures, but it will be my responsibility to promote fairness and understanding among all students. This way, they will learn to respect each other no matter where they come from. One useful idea is to allow one student of each culture in the class to have a turn each week standing in front of the class and teaching the rest of the students about their own culture. This will break down cultural barriers.

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS - Essay Example This resulted in lower demand of the beverages. Companies’ performances in the beverage industry have also been affected by the change in consumer preference. In the recent times, there has been a growing preference for sports drinks, energy drinks and vitamin-enhanced drinks. This has resulted in a decrease in the demand for the normal carbonated soft drinks. It is expected the decline will continue to take place as the preference for the alternative beverages continue to grow. This growing preference has created opportunities for new companies to join the beverages industry because it gives them a competitive advantage over the already established firms that major produce the carbonated soft drinks. As a result, the industry has expanded and with its expansion, the performance of already existing firms has declined. The declined could first be associated with the decreasing demand of the carbonated soft drinks. Secondly, the fall in performance is due to the increasing number of firms in the market competing for the same customers. The previously already established companies are also forced to start producing the alternative drinks in order to maintain their market share. The emergence and growth of new products that were not there before in the beverage industry have also contributed to the performances of the companies. There has been an increased growth of new products in the beverages industry. These new products threaten to displace the already existing products in the market. An example of a new product that was not in the market before is the Living Essentials’ 5-hour energy drink. This is a two- once energy shot drink. Since its introduction, it has been able to displace all the other energy drinks that were in the market. Its market share by 2009 was 85% of the market share of all the drinks falling in its category. Pricing is one of the strategies employed by Coca

Spss assingment Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spss assingment - Speech or Presentation Example raw score table above, it is evident that the use of calculator results into a very high mean score of 116.60 compared to without the use of no calculator. However, in calculator use, the standard deviation of the score is 7.1 compared to 5.1 without calculator. The amount of spread is higher on using a calculator. The t-test shows that, the score with and without a calculator is statistically different at 95% level of significance with a p = .000. in this case, the comparison of the means in the best test used since mean measures centrally the whole data. The mean of the scores in not special education is 106.60 with a standard deviation of 11.62 while that for special education is 106.70 with a standard deviation of 12.74. The mean difference is not statistically different at 95% level of significance and p = .986. This shows that, special education and not special education have got almost the same score level. The mean score for the recently traumatized is 32.15 with a standard deviation of 25.87. The not recently traumatized had a smaller mean of 31.80 with a standard deviation of 24.72. The mean is the best measure of central tendency used to determine the data distribution. The standard deviation on the other hand is the best in showing the data

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies Essay - 1

Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies - Essay Example In acquisition, one company purchases another and establishes itself as a new owner. Normally, the dissolving company has to get the approval to merge with another through a majority vote of the share holders or as stipulated in the company’s constitution. The driving principle in mergers and acquisition is to make investor value. This means that after the merger the value of the two companies must exceed the value of the individual companies before the merger. It is important to note that the reasons behind mergers are far reaching, especially during the hard economic times. During such periods, big companies take the advantage of receding companies through share purchases with a view of creating a competitive advantage while achieving cost reduction. Any meaningful merger should be able to gain greater market share and efficiency. Once an agreement has been reached, then it should be made legal and its implementation done within the period stipulated in the agreement. The cu lture and working environment of the target company’s workforce must be considered at the time of merger acquisition strategy. When this is done, the workforce will not feel left out in the agreement and this boosts morale. The process of merging and acquisition is vital deal whose signing determines the gains and profits of the merging corporations. The process should therefore, be conducted in defined steps. The decision to have merging between two companies is complex in nature. This is because if it is not done carefully, it can affect the gains intended for in the merger or acquisition. In addition, merger and acquisition process should be conducted in steps as earlier stated. The initial step is the business valuation step in which the value of stock is assessed. In the assessment, the current financial performance as well as the estimated future performance is examined. Such steps should be geared towards profitability (Rosenbaum, 2008). 2. Identify one (1) company tha t would be a profitable candidate for the corporation to acquire or merge with and explain why this company would be a profitable target. Alcoa is a leading aluminum company in the United States of America. This public corporation was formed in 1907. The acronym Alcoa was coined in 1910 because of a merger with another company, which later in 1999 adopted it as an official name in 2001; Alcoa went into an acquisition agreement with Aluminum Corporation of china (Chalco) buying from them 9% of their shares. Alcoa has had a number of challenges since its inception, for instance in 1938, the department of justice-sued Alcoa for trying to monopolize. It also faced a financial crisis in 2004 leading to the sale of one of its divisions to Rhone Group, which has adopted the name Almatis Inc (Kazmi, & Kazmi, 2008). in the present day. In 2005, Alcoa acquired Russia and Belaya Kaliva production facilities that were major industry players to boost its performance and gain international recogn ition. It was during this time that Alcoa began improving on its performance when it started the construction in Iceland. This was the company’s first Greenfield smelting centre. This centre has been in existence for the last 20 years amid criticisms of corruption. In 2006, Alcoa shifted

A Better Russian Space Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Better Russian Space Program - Essay Example This essay describes main events from the history of launchings and space researches in Soviet Union and modern Russia, such as the first artificial satellite called Sputnik 1 launching in 1957, the first man in space in 1961 and space launches lessening in 90th, because of economic issues, and later provoked by means of political disorder in the country. In 2000, as this essay states, Russia’s position on the world launching started to improve and moved in to top slot which it has detained ever since maintaining an average launching rate. But, sadly, in the last 2 years the Russian space program, once was the envy by the whole world, has been facing a number of problems, especially since huge financial effort on the already strained Russian space agency. Second part of this essay suggests the way Russia can improve it's own space program and what steps should it take, such as experiments with voyages to Mars, increasing their budget and developing a partnership program with NASA. In conclusion, this essay demonstrates the importance of what space agencies all over the world are doing daily. They are constantly researching and developing to better serve mankind's thirst for knowledge and comfort. This is why it is important to support and embrace space agencies at all times, for who knows what gifts they could bring us in the future. It also suggests, that Russia needs to work hard in making their space program the best, that it was in 1980s, and many believe that they can lead the way once more.

A Review on Lifeboat Ethics Essay Example for Free

A Review on Lifeboat Ethics Essay Lifeboat ethics: the case against helping the poor is a famous essay written by Garret Hardin, a human ecologist in 1974. This article aims to re examine the lifeboat ethics which was developed by the author to support his controversial proposal. In the theory, the world is compared to a lifeboat with a carrying capacity of 60. There are totally 50 people on board, representing comparatively rich nations, while the 100 others swimming in the ocean outside the lifeboat stands for the poor nations. To solve the dilemma of whether the swimmers should be allowed to climb aboard at the risk of lifeboat’s safety, Hardin suggested that no admission should be granted to boat, or to interpret it in a straight way, no humanitarian aids should be offered to the poor countries. Regardless of the additional factors which the author took into consideration from the real world in the essay, in my opinion, the basic metaphor itself is questionable. Firstly, the status of the lifeboat is not an accurate reflection of reality. Arguably, natural resources of the earth are finite, however, this does not equal to the scarcity of resources in the control of the rich nations. On the contrary, nowadays in the developed countries, what the rich have used is out of proportion to their actual needs, which not only leads to colossal waste each year but also creates disposal problems. A familiar example is the popularity of losing weight among the western world, which is not solely a way of pursing beauty but also a clear indication of the growing number of obese people who consume food excessively. In contrast, in the third world especially poverty-stricken nations like Ethiopia, millions of people are filled with untold suffering. They drag themselves on the street from day to day, begging for only a slice of stale bread. Due to the unfair distribution of resources caused by the affluent people’s favorable political position, most rich nations currently obtain more than enough resources and they are still casting their greedy eyes on the untapped poor regions. In the light of the facts above, in the lifeboat metaphor people on board actually occupy  more room than normal and the real carrying capacity of a lifeboat is more than 60. With no admission given to those swimmers who are in need, the room is not allocated to each according to his needs, a principle the author cited in explanation of the rationale behind the lifeboat ethics. The second doubtful point is related to Hardin’s computation of conscience. In defense of the survivors’ guilt arising from not helping the poor, he claimed that â€Å"the net result of conscience-stricken people giving up their unjustly held seats is the elimination of that sort of conscience from the lifeboat†. He defined guilty about one’s good luck as a type of conscience and the newcomer’s lack of guilt about the rich people’s loss as conscience drain; but the author deliberately omitted the morality of rich people’s indifference to the poor asking for help. Counting the negative effects on total conscience in the lifeboat if no rescue is attempted, the final solution to the lifeboat dilemma might be changed. Essentially, the author’s negligence of social injustice against impoverished people and the ethical issue indifference is just a result of his bias for the rich countries. To improve the general population quality, the author repeatedly emphasized the necessity of reproduction control in poor nations and increasing the proportion of rich nation’s population. This suggestion in fact is based on the assumption that the people in rich nations are innately superior to their counterparts in poor countries, which is an apparent violation of the creed that everyone is born equal. In conclusion, the poor people should not be the sacrifice of the population growth in the developed regions. Logic and rigorous as the essay Lifeboat ethics: the case against helping the poor may appear to be, the author wrote more on behalf of the countries on board, group of which he belonged to. The author urged people to get rid of sentiment and make rational decisions, but ironically he himself deceived his mind with prejudice and sense of superiority.

Discourse on Modernization Essay Example for Free

Discourse on Modernization Essay The discourse on Modernization was resisted by the Communists led by the USSR through a policy of isolation and xenophobia. The improvement of quality of life Modernization would bring was a threat to their hold on nations. Hence it was against the best interest of Communist governments that their holdings obtain genuine modernization. One major example was the Iron Curtain. Movement of people, goods and information was severely restricted along the east-west Germany border especially during the 50s and 60s. Starting with their refusal to accept Marshall plan aid after World War II, the nations falling under the Iron Curtain refused to have dealings with the west. By breaking contact with the West, they were able to limit the common people’s consciousness the people did not have a basis for comparison to realize how oppressive their lives really were. Another example was the foundation or support of various communist movements all over the World. Many of these organizations received financial and logistical support from the COMINTERN or the KGB. These organizations promoted the Communist ideal often with a nationalist or self-determinist bias. They tried to disparage Western Aid as a form of Imperialism to limit modernization it their respective countries. Shortcoming of the â€Å"modernization theory†: Dichotomy of the â€Å"traditional† and â€Å"modern† 5. Cultural Imperialism The Third World in the 1960s: Stagnation of the economic development; political instability Dependency Theory: Emerged in Latin America in the late 1960s Grounded in the neo-Marxist political-economy approach TNCs in the North exercise control, with the support of their respective governments, Over the developing countries by setting the terms of global trade ? developing nations remain â€Å"peripheral† Cultural Imperialism: The cultural aspects of dependency theory Ex: Herbert Schiller (1969) Mass Communications and American Empire US-based TNCs undermine cultural autonomy of the South US communications technology and investment, coupled with the new demand for media products, nessitate large-scale imports of US media products Consumerism is emphasized at the expense of community values

The History And Methods Of Soap Making

The History And Methods Of Soap Making Some individuals find it amusing to make their own soaps at home. Soap making has been a pleasurable hobby to a few soapers, as they are frequently called. Isnt it a great way to bond with your kids over the weekend? More than that soap making encourages enjoyment either for pleasure or as an earning potentials just by being creative in your talents. The wonder of soap making is that you can get your imagination run wild and come up with something unique that is entirely based to your own specifications and liking. You can likewise create exceptionally fun gifts for any occasions. Which are better, handmade soaps or commercial soaps? Why not choose commercially produce soap? Little did we know that these commercial soaps are unhealthy to our skin? Normally, we tend to buy soaps that give the most lather and stronger fragrance which is likely the more reason that we should not choose. The lather is actually just chemicals that we enjoy rubbing in our skins which may eventually cause dry scaly skin. Handmade soaps are better than those we buy commercially. Why? Because handmade soap uses only oils from flowers, herbs and spices that bring about the natural aromatherapy which gives a soothing effect on our body. They are basically hypoallergenic and safe to use all over our body even to face and hair. If you want to know more about homemade soaps then read on. In this book, I will show you how fun and easy it is to create your own handcrafted exotic designed soaps. Plus, the ultimate factor is to turn your personal hobby into a lucrative business. How would you like a grasp of that splendid opportunity? Soaps Humble Beginnings We have been using soap every day in our lives since we were born. But have you ever paused for a moment and wonder how all this started? The farthest demonstration I can find that people uses soap is from the earlier history which dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon. A formula was found written in a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil. Before that there were no records or documentation that the grand baths of kings and queens are soaps, instead they use essential oils. In 1550 BC Ancient Egyptian were found to bathe regularly in animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salt. Beginning from the 7th century soap was produced in West Bank, Kufa and Vassra (Iraq). Soaps were already perfumed and colored and come in liquid or solid form at that time. Even soaps for shaving already exist. In the 8th century, soap making was then a renowned necessity for both man and woman. The recognition was attributed to Charlemagne who mentioned that soap is one of the useful products. Chemists were the ones who produced the soap made from vegetable oil (olive oil), aromatic oils (thyme oil), and lye (al-Sosa-al-Kawia). During the 13th century, a manuscript was found to contain soap recipes such as sesame oil, a sprinkle of potash, alkali, and some lime. Mixed all together and boil. When cooked, they are poured into molds and left to set producing a hard soap. A local record of the Bristol Company of soap makers were found in the year 1562 1642 which includes the names of more than 180 individuals including members of the family and those who were engage in trading for the business. Included in the record was the production of Bristol soap which is a soft type of black soap and Bristol grey soap which is the harder type was believed to have been largely supplied in London sold only a penny per pound. In the 16th century finer soaps are introduced using vegetable oil. In this modern time history, a better understanding of hygiene emanated due to the need of reducing population of pathogenic microorganisms. It was until the 17th century that a commercial production was born a high quality transparent soap product was introduced by Andrew Pears in 1789 in London. It was then during the late 18th century that soaps were industrially manufactured after promoting awareness for cleanliness and health. In 1862 Andrew Pears son-in-law Thomas J. Barratt opened a factory in Isleworth. Low-priced good quality soap was produced by William Gossage. Soap powder was manufactured by Robert Spear Hudson in 1837 by grinding the soap with mortar and pestle. Up to this day, Unilever is the largest soap business which was founded by William Hesketh Lever and his brother James who bought a small soap works in Warrington in 1885. It was also in 1806 that a certain William Colgate opened the first great soap making concern in New York called Colgate and Company, They started selling individual soaps of the same size or weights only in 1830. Then in 1872 they introduced the first perfumed soap called cashmere bouquet. Competition started to manifest when William Proctor and James Gamble opened a new business by selling candles and soaps house to house. They started their business venture in Cincinnati, and achieve tremendous success in a few years time and became a huge manufacturer. They distribute products in large quantities to major cities and in 1879, Proctor and Gamble launched Ivory Soap in the Western United States. Another company was born, B.J. Johnson making soap entirely from palm and olive oil. Their soap gained incredible success that that pave way to renaming their company after palm that brought about the birth of Palmolive. The emergence of this four major companies transformed soap into a multi-billion dollar industry. The intense of their competition also give rise to the introduction of laundry detergents in the early 1990s.CHAPTER 1 Superstitions and Myths The Folklores of Soap As I tried to look into the Myths of Soap, it made me aghast to find out the different versions of their story. Some says soaps are made from human corpses while others say otherwise. Would you believe that? Yuck!!!! Yes, that was my prompt reaction. But it is what it is they say. This is the storyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. During World War II, the mass production of soap was originally taken from the Jewish concentration camp victims. However, the Yad Vashem Memorial denied the fact that the Nazis did not mass produced soap from human corpses. They said that the story was only made up to scare off the inmates. On the contrary, evidence shows the possibility that research facilities did developed a process of soap production from human bodies. The speculations of human soap came about because of the presumption of the labels RIF found on bars of soap, meaning Reichs-Juden-Fett or translated as the State Jewish Fat. It was then explained that in German acronym, i and j were frequently interchanged, they vary only in length. It was then afterwards corrected. RIF stands for Reichsstelle fur Industrielle Fettversorgung or National Center for Industrial Fat Provisioning. The RIF is the German government agency who was in-charge of soap and other washing materials in production and distribution. They concluded that RIF soap is a substitute product of poor quality and does not contain human fat at all. This story has been circulating Lubin in October 1942, apparently the Germans knew about this. In fact a certain chief Heinrich Himmler received a letter stating that Poles believed the story of the Jewish people being boiled into soap. As the word spread so widely, instilling fear in the minds of Polish population gave them the reason to boycott the buying of soaps. This prompted Himmler to cremate or bury the bodies immediately. I thought that was the end of a gruesome story but there is more. A certain Sigmund Mazur, a laboratory assistant at the Danzig Anatomical Institute testified in the Nuremberg trial. He attested to the truth that production of soap was made from the corpse fats at the camp. More so, he added that 40 bodies can extract 70 to 80 kg of fat and can produce more than 25 kg of soap. Finished products are kept under the hand of Professor Spanner. This time there are available witnesses to his statement, they are The British POWs (the labors that constructed the camp), Dr. Stanislaw Byczkowski (head of the Department of Toxicology at the Gdansk School of Medicine). The holocaust survivor, Thomas Blatt who investigated the subject found only a few concrete documentations and with great frustration found no evidence of the said experimental soap. Somehow, evidence came up proving that a small scale of experimental soap production did exist. Mazur even gave a copy of the recipe. Here it is: 5 kilos of human fat, mixed with 10 liters of water with 500 or 1000 grams of caustic soda. Boiled all together for 3 hours and then cooked. The soap will float and the rest of the sediments and water remains at the bottom. A bit of salt and soda is added to this mixture. Then again water is added boiled for another 2 3 hours. Letting it cold, the cold then is poured into its mold. There are more other versions of the story like the report made by Alexander Werth that he did actually see the experimental factor and saw the parts of the corpses. We also have the Alain Resnais who published the testimony of the Holocaust survivor. Acting on the contrary side is the Historian Yisrael Gutman who specifically said that it was never done on a mass scale. Then it was corrected by a certain Holocaust historian Robert Melvin Spector that the Nazis did indeed use human fat for the making of soap in limited quantity though. The veracity of the myth is difficult to solve, it is up to you how you want to conclude this part of the story. On my side, I am still overwhelmed with disbelief. What about you, would you rather believe the myth, or not? CHAPTER 2 Soap Description and Its Composition Basic elements of soap amaking http://www.purenaturalsoap.org/basic-elements-soap-making-ingredients.html CHAPTER 3 Tools You Need Lets get started with your soap making venture Soap making, it is not as hard as you think it is. Take time to look into your kitchen you might find the things you need, if not you can always visit nearby stores. If you are not much of a kitchen person, I presume that you should need to go shopping first. Funny as it may sound but you do have to go buy the important and basic tools you need before moving further on. What you need are the following: Scale (digital or manual) have an accurate scale measuring 1/10th of an ounce. This is used to measure all your ingredients like oil, lye, fragrance, additives and water. Safety goggles and rubber gloves you must wear this during the process to protect your eyes and hands from lye solutions and caustic raw soap Stainless steel pitcher with lid or any heat resistant plastic this is use for mixing your solution. Large stainless steel or plastic spoon definitely for stirring solutions. For smaller soaps (2-3 lbs) you may use a large pyrex pitcher, but for bigger size you will need an 8-12 quart stainless steel pot. Glass or plastic bowl or a pitcher- this is use to hold your liquid oils before adding to the soap pot. Candy or Meat Thermometer an accurate and quick reading is preferred to monitor the temperature of your solution and melted oils. Small beakers, ramekins or measuring cups this is used to hold your fragrance oils, colorants, separated soap and additives before adding to the soap. Small spoons and whisks use to blend colorants, fragrance oils, and melted oils. Large stainless steel or plastic ladle is used to ladle out a bit of raw soap to blend colorants . Stick Blender blend oils and other mixture and start saponification process. Soap mold be creative, you can use any shape of container that are leak-proof. You may use plastic, glass, or stainless steel. Never use aluminum or metal. Plastics are preferable. Rubber spatulas- used for scraping to make use of all mixture leaving nothing to waste. Paper towels or dish cloths for wiping spills. Rags to catch spills while working Peeler, scotch tape and knife CHAPTER 4 Easy Steps of Soap Making Rule of thumb: There are various approaches in making soap. The easiest way is to buy pre-mixed or soap making packs that are readily available in the market. The other one is to buy individually the ingredients needed along with the useful tools required for your soap making operandi. The ingredients and tools you need for your homemade soap will depend of course on the method you choose, we have the melt and pour method, hot or cold process, Rebatching or Milled soap, and the liquid soap. Soap Making Methods Melt and Pour Soap Making Method This is the easiest and most common way to make your own homemade soap. If you are a novice on this undertaking you may choose this method, as the title melt and pour suggest all you have to do is melt a pre-made soap base into a liquid then probably add some extra ingredients and then pour it to your desired mold designà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. and Presto! You have your own new specially created homemade soap. Using translucent or opaque glycerin soap for melting is absolutely favorable to your skin because it consists only of vegetable oils. Cold Process Method This is more challenging, a mixture of science and personal touch of artistry is what makes this method uniquely your own style. This method is the most versatile, let you visualize and naturally brings out your creativity. In this way, you are obliged to make your own soap base from scratch through saponification which means soap making. What is saponification process? It is the process where oil or fat (tristearin) is treated with sodium hydroxide solution called lye to form soap and glycerine. When chemical reaction starts to occur, other ingredients may now be added of your choice excluding artificial ingredients whatever your preference would be. Hot Process Method The hot method process is similar to the cold process only heat is used to speed up the saponification process. You may use an oven, a crock pot or even a microwave for the heat application. This has been an age old usage in soap making. One disadvantage of this method though, is the difficulty of removing the finished product from its mold. But it has also its advantageous gain; cure time is greatly reduced thus skipping weeks of waiting and able to use your new soap right away. Rebatching or Milled Method This method involves shredding your own soap creation, melting and adding your specially selected choice of additional ingredients. This is most likely the same with melt and pours however, in this method you do not use a pre-made soap to shred. This method requires that you know the hot and cold method first. You can used this method particularly for your unsuccessful batches, save it and re-melt the soap for your next project. Proper Steps-by-step Process of Making Soap B-1 Preparation Stage I know you are already intensely excited to know how to start your soap making adventure. Let me not hinder your curiosity any longer, here is what you should do during the preparation stage. COLD PROCESS METHOD Step 1 Getting Ready. Before starting, make sure that you have everything you need. Plan ahead. It is better if you can spare extra time reading and learning everything you need to know before attempting to make your own homemade soaps. If you can do that I am pretty sure of your enormous success. Choosing your perfect location. An ideal area should be close to the oven, easy access to water, a large flat table where you can work and a part of the house that is free from distractions. Preferably your own private area, if possible if not then any place that has the least distraction. Taking care and protecting your workplace. Cover your area with vinyl table cloth (optional), on this way it is easier for you to wipe and clean your surface and avoid oil leaks running through your table. Vinyl cloths are reusable and affordable that is why I highly recommend you use the same. Setting up equipments and ingredients. Set up all your soap making supplies according to your working convenience and flow. A working place you feel comfortable and set up in a manner that works with you even with your eyes close. Preparing your soap molds. You may line up your molds in one place ready with its plastic wrap or butcher paper. Preparing your insulation area Lay down a blanket on a warm draft area where you will allow your process soap to cool down for 24 hours. And in that side, prepare an extra piece of butchers paper to use for covering the top of your soap. A Styrofoam or a plywood is also recommended. It will be put on top of the wax paper to regulate the heat during the cooling period and protects the soap from any possible accidents. Rapid heat loss may result to a chalky soap. Step 2 Preparing your Favorite Additives. If you are a novice to soap making, I advise you try on with a couple of additives at first. As you get the feel of soap making you can always add more additive techniques. How to pre-heat your oven. Oven must be warm and not hot. Meaning you are able to remove what you place inside with your bare hands no need for mitts! How to measure additives and essential oils Measuring your botanicals or colorants in advance and placing them on ramekins encourage a faster and convenient working scenario once you start making homemade soaps. You may do it also with your essential oils or rosemary extracts if you are using it and superfatting nutrients and keep them in a small sealed jar. An organized area benefits you with ease and peace of mind which is very helpful to keep your mind focus on what you are doing. Step 3 The Proper Way to Measure Base Ingredients. All steps in making soaps are considered important, but we need to pay extra attention on weighing ingredients with ultimate accuracy. Familiarize yourself with the weighing scale. Inaccurate measurement will just waste your time, money and effort. Lye and oil if measured wrongly will tend to get heavy in cold process soap which either you have to rework or throw away. How to prepare and measure lye Measure water and place in a jug. Get ready and wear your working clothes wear goggles, gloves, long sleeve clothing and safety equipment before putting your hand on sodium hydroxide. You may now measure your lye and slowly pour it into the water and stirring simultaneously until lye crystals are completely dissolved. Fumes will start to manifest as you mix the lye solution. What I do during this time is to hold my breath until lye is dissolve and leave the working area for a few minutes or until fumes disappear. IMPORTANT: Always add the sodium hydroxide to the water and not the other way around. If you mistakenly mix sodium to water an unpleasant and violent reaction could occur. How to measure base oils Measure each solid oils and place it into the stainless steel pot. Set the heat on a medium- low as you continue to measure the other ingredients, your solid oil is also gradually melting. And once the solid oils have melted remove the pot from your heating equipment before putting the other liquid oils and grapefruit seed extract into the pot. (extracts are optional) Step 4 The Proper Way of Mixing Oils and Lye Mixing oil varies from 5 to 10 minutes or even up to an hour depending on the ingredients you use. How to combine lye solution and oil mixture. Slowly pour the lye solution into the pot of oils using a whisk for stirring. Steadily and firmly continue stirring adequately fast enough to keep the mixture in constant motion but not too fast as to spill out some of the mixture. Your goal is to get the oil, lye, and water to combine well to make the soap. Thoroughly stir the mixture reaching all areas of the pot. The mixture will turn creamy and opaque and then begins to thicken. How to stir mixture that reaches its trace point. Continue stirring until reaching a thin trace. At this point we need to maintain a thin trace yet since we still have ingredients to add. How can you determine trace? What is trace? Trace means the lye-water and your heated oil are well blended and that the mixture will not separate back to its original oils and lye-water. To test your trace, deep a spatula or spoon into your mix then drip it back to the mix, if it takes a second or two to disappear back into the mix then youve got the trace right. Step 5 Adding Essential Additives of Your Choice and Pouring Soap to Your Mold. This is where your creativity comes in. Pour in all decorative and unique design soap making ideas at this point. How to incorporate additives B-2 How to Determine Temperature Step 1 How to check the temperature (COLD PROCESS) Lye solutions can be heated or cooled in a hot or cold water bath in the sink. Oils can be heated on heating elements or cooled in a cold water bath. Temperatures of oil mixture and lye solution should be at 90 95 degrees Fahrenheit or 32 35 degrees Celsius. It may be difficult to get temperatures almost the same but it gets easier as you develop on how to get the feel of the time frame or how long you can get lye to cool down.

Children of the Holocaust Essay -- Slaughter of Children, Nazi Extermi

â€Å"One of the most extraordinary aspects of Nazi genocide was the cold deliberate intention to kill children in numbers so great that there is no historical precedent for it.† (Lukas, 13 Kindle) About 1.5 million children were murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust—one million being killed because they were Jews (ushmm.org) The Germans had a clearly defined goal of killing the Jewish children so that there would be no remnants of their race to reproduce, resulting in extinction. Not only were the children that were victimized in the Holocaust persecuted and murdered, but they were all stripped of their childhood. Children were not allowed to be children—they had to, for their own survival, be adults. The oppression of children because of race was a direct result of Hitler’s cruel policies and beliefs. In order to stifle the Jewish race from growing, the children were the first to be slaughtered at extermination camps (ushmm.org). Through selection at the extermination camps, the Nazis forced children to be separated from their relatives which destroyed the basic unit of society, the family. Because children were taken to different barracks or camps, they had to fend for themselves. In the book A Lucky Child by Thomas Buergenthal, the author describes the relief he felt when reunited with his mother after the War. Thomas writes: I felt that a tremendous burden had been lifted from my shoulders and put on hers: now Mutti was again responsible for me†¦Until then, I had been responsible for my own life, for my survival; I could not afford to depend on anyone but myself; I had to think and act like a grown-up and be constantly on the alert against all possible dangers. But once I was back in her arms, I could be a child again, le... ...ich were all Nazi-induced (ushmm.org). The experiences of the children in the Holocaust remind society of the innocence of youth and the cruelty in exposing them to horror at an early age. Works Cited Buergenthal, Thomas. A Lucky Child: A Memoir of Surviving Auschwitz as a Young Boy. New York: Little, Brown, 2009. Lukas, Richard C. Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945. New York: Hippocrene, 1994. Remember Me? Holocaust Children Talk of Survival. Dir. United States Holocaust Museum. Perf. Nathan Kranowski. Xfinity Video. Comcast. Web. 08 Mar. 2015. http://xfinity.comcast.net/video/remember-me-holocaust-children-talk-of-survival/2085065960 United States' Holocaust Museum. "Children During the Holocaust." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 6 Jan. 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2015. http://www.ushmm.org

The importance of Effective Communication in Health-Care Essay

Language barriers have been one of the identified causes of many health problems, including timely and appropriate care, exacerbating existing conditions, and precipitating new ones. In addition to culturally appropriate education, interpreting is one of the approaches commonly used to help bridge the language gap for patients and practitioners. Interpreters are bilingual individuals that provide simultaneous interpretation between patients and medical care providers who do not share a common language (Finke, Light, & Kitko, 2008). This finding suggests that a good relationship is essential for high-quality patient care. (Finke et al., 2008) use qualitative evidence from interviews with medical interpreters, and argue that an interdisciplinary team is oriented in just one direction to care for patients, and bring them to their ultimate level of functioning. Certainly, all of the observations provided by this journal reaffirmed how understanding the basic principles of communicati on should be a paramount skill of any nurse. However, many barriers can disrupt therapeutic communication, and comprehensive assessment is necessary in order to determine the culture, religion, education background, and socioeconomic status of the patient (Finke et al., 2008) Patient centered communication empower nurses with the necessary skills to identify what patients are experiencing and place them in a better position to be empathetic. Meanwhile, creating a better health care experience for the patient and a more gratifying and meaningful career for the nurse (Finke et al., 2008). It is also more likely to effectively encourage patients to be active partners in planning and managing their own care. It is significant for medical care provider... ...5. LaValley, D (2008) Physician- Nurse Collaboration and patient safety. Crico RMF Vol. 26/No. 2 Lee Flicek Cassandra (2012) Communication: A Dynamic Between Nurses and Physicians. Vol. 21/No. 6 McCaffrey, R.G., Hayes, R., Stuart, W., Cassell, A., Farrell, C. & Miller-Reyes C. 2010. A Program to Improve Communication and Collaboration Between Nurses and Medical Residents. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing  · Vol 41, No 4. Retrieve from: http://content2.learntoday.info/ Patak, L., Wilson-Stronks, A., Costello, J., Keleinpell, R. M., Henneman, E. A., Pearson, C. & Happ, M. B. (2009). Improving Patient-Provider Communication. A Call to Action. Volume 39, Number 9, pp 372-376. Williams, M. V., Davis, T., Parker, R. M., & Weiss, B. D. (2002). The role of health literacy in patient-physician communication. FAMILY MEDICINE-KANSAS CITY-, 34(5), 383-389.

Case Study of Bg Group

A. METHODOLOGIES: 1. The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) Approach: This method offers a wide range of advantages. For instance, the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) is employed in the calculation of the Cost of Equity. Thus, the discounted rate of 7. 58 percent used in figure 1. 12 Appendix is likely to be precise. The total value of the firm is $4. 73 billion. Nonetheless, in view of the probabilities of forecasting errors in the estimation of cash flows, the degree of precision does not guarantee an accurate result.Another drawback of the approach would be the failure to allow for the impacts of real options available to management on future cash flows. Hence, this method is considered as an alternative for crosschecking. The assumptions are the dividends grow constantly in perpetuity at 3 percent and the debt ratio is also constant at 28. 1 percent. For further analysis, please refer to item 2a and 3c in the Appraisal. 2. The EBIT Multiples Approach: Under this methodol ogy, the debt-equity ratio was not required. Thus, the value of the firm is approximately $4. 3 billion after liquidity discount was taken into account. This yields an insignificantly different result compared to the result under the WACC method. However, since the average EBIT multiples strongly depend on the comparable companies in the industry, reliable information is less likely to be available in practice. Therefore, another approach is employed. 3. Adjusted Present Value (APV) Approach: The APV method is more complicated than two methods mentioned earlier inasmuch as it takes account of unlevered value of the firm and the interest tax shield.Recent complexity of the method notwithstanding, APV provides management with an explicit valuation of interest tax shield and an assumption of constant debt-equity ratio is unnecessary. According to figure 1. 10, the total value of the firm before synergies is $5. 02 billion. Nonetheless, this method ignores the costs of financial distres s, which might lead to an overvaluation of the firm with a significantly high debt ratio. 4. Conclusion: Under different methods employed above, the range of difference appears to be immaterial.Thus, the value of the firm before synergies is expected to be approximately $4. 89 billion on average. For the purpose of consistency, APV method is selected for further analysis of the value of the firm both before and after synergies. B. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: 1. Free Cash Flows (FCFs) Valuation: The present value of the cash flows is calculated based on the WACC rate and it is estimated at $1. 28 billion. The rate is used by reason of the assumption of different components, for instance cost of equity and cost of debt. For further information of the assumption, please refer to the Appraisal. . Terminal Values and Long-term Growth: The terminal value before synergies is $3. 45 billion whereas this amount after synergies is $8. 36 billion. In details, the synergies revenues and the backhaul sy nergies savings are the major contributors to the significant difference. Additionally, the terminal value represents the market value of free cash flows from AirThread Connections at all future dates. This, thereby, lends the analyst the plausibility to believe that the discounted rate is equal to the WACC rate of 7. 58 percent.Lastly, to be conservative, that is, in the worst scenario, the figure of growth rate obtained in the Appraisal is around 3. 0 percent. 3. Non-operating Investment in Equity Affiliates: This amount of $1. 72 billion is equal to Equity in Earnings of Affiliates times the historic P/E multiple for the industry at 19. 1. These investments are valued under the market multiple approach because a thorough due diligence is not possible to be conducted. 4. Value of Operating Assets: This value is equivalent to the present value of the target company on a going concern basis.It is estimated at $5. 02 billion before the synergies and at $10. 38 billion after the syner gies. However, since the value of non-operating assets is not taken into account, the total value of the target company is not fully reflected. 5. Enterprise Value: The Enterprise value is equal to the sum of the value of operating assets and the value of nonoperating assets. i. Before Synergies: In this case, the synergies related business revenues and the backhaul synergies savings are not considered. The FCFs ppear to be more immaterial accordingly. It, therefore, leads to a lower Intermediate Term Value of $1. 57 billion and a lower Enterprise Value of $6. 74 billion. ii. After Synergies: With the effect of synergies, the FCFs and, thus, the Enterprise Value of $12. 1 billion appear to be more material. Importantly, the significant difference is contributed by the cost-saving efficiency in backhaul costs and the network utilization. Thus, more advantages would occur. Firstly, administrative expenses such as auditing fees are reduced.Secondly, the market share will, in essence, i ncrease and monopoly gains due to large regional client bases from the target company could be expected. The company will be able to set a higher price and to increase a sheer volume of sales. Also, the company will gain more reputation and the cost of capital will be lower accordingly. Lastly, due to its new size, the company will have more bargain power and the relationships with banking entities will be better. Consequently, the cost of borrowing tends to decrease. Case Study of Bg Group A. METHODOLOGIES: 1. The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) Approach: This method offers a wide range of advantages. For instance, the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) is employed in the calculation of the Cost of Equity. Thus, the discounted rate of 7. 58 percent used in figure 1. 12 Appendix is likely to be precise. The total value of the firm is $4. 73 billion. Nonetheless, in view of the probabilities of forecasting errors in the estimation of cash flows, the degree of precision does not guarantee an accurate result.Another drawback of the approach would be the failure to allow for the impacts of real options available to management on future cash flows. Hence, this method is considered as an alternative for crosschecking. The assumptions are the dividends grow constantly in perpetuity at 3 percent and the debt ratio is also constant at 28. 1 percent. For further analysis, please refer to item 2a and 3c in the Appraisal. 2. The EBIT Multiples Approach: Under this methodol ogy, the debt-equity ratio was not required. Thus, the value of the firm is approximately $4. 3 billion after liquidity discount was taken into account. This yields an insignificantly different result compared to the result under the WACC method. However, since the average EBIT multiples strongly depend on the comparable companies in the industry, reliable information is less likely to be available in practice. Therefore, another approach is employed. 3. Adjusted Present Value (APV) Approach: The APV method is more complicated than two methods mentioned earlier inasmuch as it takes account of unlevered value of the firm and the interest tax shield.Recent complexity of the method notwithstanding, APV provides management with an explicit valuation of interest tax shield and an assumption of constant debt-equity ratio is unnecessary. According to figure 1. 10, the total value of the firm before synergies is $5. 02 billion. Nonetheless, this method ignores the costs of financial distres s, which might lead to an overvaluation of the firm with a significantly high debt ratio. 4. Conclusion: Under different methods employed above, the range of difference appears to be immaterial.Thus, the value of the firm before synergies is expected to be approximately $4. 89 billion on average. For the purpose of consistency, APV method is selected for further analysis of the value of the firm both before and after synergies. B. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: 1. Free Cash Flows (FCFs) Valuation: The present value of the cash flows is calculated based on the WACC rate and it is estimated at $1. 28 billion. The rate is used by reason of the assumption of different components, for instance cost of equity and cost of debt. For further information of the assumption, please refer to the Appraisal. . Terminal Values and Long-term Growth: The terminal value before synergies is $3. 45 billion whereas this amount after synergies is $8. 36 billion. In details, the synergies revenues and the backhaul sy nergies savings are the major contributors to the significant difference. Additionally, the terminal value represents the market value of free cash flows from AirThread Connections at all future dates. This, thereby, lends the analyst the plausibility to believe that the discounted rate is equal to the WACC rate of 7. 58 percent.Lastly, to be conservative, that is, in the worst scenario, the figure of growth rate obtained in the Appraisal is around 3. 0 percent. 3. Non-operating Investment in Equity Affiliates: This amount of $1. 72 billion is equal to Equity in Earnings of Affiliates times the historic P/E multiple for the industry at 19. 1. These investments are valued under the market multiple approach because a thorough due diligence is not possible to be conducted. 4. Value of Operating Assets: This value is equivalent to the present value of the target company on a going concern basis.It is estimated at $5. 02 billion before the synergies and at $10. 38 billion after the syner gies. However, since the value of non-operating assets is not taken into account, the total value of the target company is not fully reflected. 5. Enterprise Value: The Enterprise value is equal to the sum of the value of operating assets and the value of nonoperating assets. i. Before Synergies: In this case, the synergies related business revenues and the backhaul synergies savings are not considered. The FCFs ppear to be more immaterial accordingly. It, therefore, leads to a lower Intermediate Term Value of $1. 57 billion and a lower Enterprise Value of $6. 74 billion. ii. After Synergies: With the effect of synergies, the FCFs and, thus, the Enterprise Value of $12. 1 billion appear to be more material. Importantly, the significant difference is contributed by the cost-saving efficiency in backhaul costs and the network utilization. Thus, more advantages would occur. Firstly, administrative expenses such as auditing fees are reduced.Secondly, the market share will, in essence, i ncrease and monopoly gains due to large regional client bases from the target company could be expected. The company will be able to set a higher price and to increase a sheer volume of sales. Also, the company will gain more reputation and the cost of capital will be lower accordingly. Lastly, due to its new size, the company will have more bargain power and the relationships with banking entities will be better. Consequently, the cost of borrowing tends to decrease.

RAWWW scotti monk Essay

â€Å"Raw†, composed by Scott Monk, Brett a young offender is sent to a detention centre to reform and attain a second chance in life. However, through the use of Brett’s derogatory colloquialism, such as ‘pigs’ in reference to the police, it’s made clear that Brett is resistant to the law. As a result Brett is sent to The Farm, a facility that aims to turn young offender’s lives around, by reforming them. The Farm works on the principals of care, trust and responsibility. There are no fences or guards, just the boys and parent figures Sam and Mary. There are no cells, rather bedrooms. As well as offering rehabilitation, The Farm also supplies educational facilities, as it aims to give young offenders a second chance in life, and excursions to reward the boys for their good behaviour, a justification of the trust placed on the boys. The use of contrast between characters effectively portrays the ideas of protest, compliance and reform. In contrast to Brett who constantly protests against the rules through smoking, stealing from other inmates, running away and showing an arrogant attitude towards The Farm, Josh chooses to comply. ‘Sam doesn’t order me to do anything. He is my friend. I live on the farm, I do what he says’. The use of dialogue shows Josh’s feelings towards The Farm, it’s a home to him, as it offers the structure and security that he couldn’t obtain outside The Farm, conveying institutions benefit those who wish to reform so they comply whilst others protest. However the effect of the institutions goes beyond the individual. The institution forces society to stereotype those who reside in them, depriving individuality and is supported through Mr Douglas in Raw, ‘it may have a fancy name, but it is still a jail for criminals,’ and Toby, in Girl Interrupted, ‘them’, ‘they’re eating grapes off the wallpaper’. The structure of The Farm is based around care and responsibility. Brett conforms to these ideas to avoid being sent back to Sydney. However, Sam, Frog and Josh all find something to like about Brett and save him numerous times from being sent back to Sydney, for example when he ran away from The Farm. Brett tries to return the favour by dropping his attitude and in turn grows, learning to accept responsibility and show compassion for others. Brett’s change in character is most evident when he attempts to avoid fighting Smiling Joe ‘I don’t want to get into a fight. Just let me take the kid’. Brett grows here, as he tries to avoid fighting Smiling Joe at all costs to avoid putting Frogs safety at risk. Brett only uses violence as a last option, compared to the beginning of the text where violence was the only course of action to solve problems that arose. Brett resorts back to protest after a fall out with Caitlyn, a girl he falls in love with, which results in Brett being sent back Sydney. This enforces what Sam repeatedly says to Brett throughout the text, ‘only you can change your life’ This shows that the institution is only limited by the individual’s compliance and willingness to reform. Brett’s change in attitude is signified through the symbolism of the storm. The storm depicts the washing away of Brett’s past and the beginning of a fresh future. The sun resembles a bright future showing how the institution gives Brett a second chance in life and his change in attitude towards life. Susana Kaysen, in Girl Interrupted, directed by James Mangold, sleeps with a married doctor, which she regrets and resorts to consuming a bottle of aspirin and vodka. As a result Susana’s parents believe she needs ‘rest’ and force her to admit herself to Claymoore, an upscale psychiatric institution that allows rest and rehabilitation. Claymore operates around a rewards system. The more a patients complies and rehabilitates, the more privileges that patient receives, such as ground privileges. Susana’s instability and disorientation of her condition is revealed through the use of constant jump cuts, jumping from past to present, as well as the use of an unstable camera, close-ups and the high angle shot of Susana in the hospital bed in the opening scenes of the movie. Susana, similarly to Brett, protests at first. For example when the girls escape into the basement to play bowling, sneak into the doctor’s office to read out reasons for their confinement and Susana escaping from Claymore with Lisa, showing Susana’s protest and her denial of her condition. After seeing Daisy dead in her own home, Susana returns to the institution. The use of the road in the mid-shot symbolises Susana’s journey from denial to realisation, which ends her protest. On return to Claymore, Susana complies with the rules and receives the emotional and psychiatric support that she knew she needed, like Brett in ‘Raw’. After much improvement Susana is released, showing that the institution is only limited by the individual’s compliance and willingness to reform. In contrast to ‘Raw’ and ‘Girl Interrupted’ the song â€Å"Prisoner of Society† sung by The Living End refers to a younger generation crying out for freedom. The opening line of the song portrays that the younger generation doesn’t wish to abide by the rules and regulations society has set. Well we don’t need no one to tell us what to do The first person view allows sympathy to be directed to the younger generation. This and the use of incorrect grammer, so common to rebellious teenagers, helps portray the message of the song, which is that today’s youth are prisoners of the older generations society, which alienate the younger generation and instead of looking for support and comfort, they thrive to rebel against these rules and law enforcement bodies, with the institution of society having no effect on the younger generation as they don’t comply and don’t want to reform. This creates the younger generations culture, arguing they are their own society. Well we don’t need no one The repetition of this phrase shows a generalisation that the younger generation holds towards authority, indicating a preconception towards authoritative figures. The final lines of the song links back to the title and meaning of the song. You’ll see I’m not the enemy Just a prisoner of society These lines convey to that the younger generation feels confined and trapped by society. Society has an expectation the younger generation will either follow the laws that are set down or protest against these laws. If protest is chosen, society will punish the rebels. As you can see, this text has many parallels to Brett in Scott Monks, â€Å"Raw†. Brett also wishes to be free to do as he pleases, however, Sam has set rules, which must be followed. The derogatory colloquialism such as ‘old goat’ in reference to Sam shows the same generation gap the song talks about. This reinforces the argument made about Raw and Girl Interrupted that the institutions affect on the individual is limited by the individual’s compliance and willingness to conform.

Evolutionary Psychology Essay

Just as in the past a brilliant scientist and researcher William Harvey was able to find the fact that it is the heart that is responsible for pumping blood through the human body, psychologists of today have been able to find out and to prove the fact that ‘cognition’ has a particular and specific structure. These psychologists are known as ‘evolutionary psychologists’, and it is this team of experts that have floated the theory that cognitive structure, like physiological structure, has followed, through the centuries, the all important process of natural selection. This was how it has been able to survive and engage in reproduction through the years. What exactly is evolutionary psychology? It is a science that focuses on discovering the evolved process of the nervous systems of human beings, bringing into focus the fact that the human brain is a completely organized structure, just like tissues in any living organism are fully organized. In other words, it is the opinion of evolutionary psychologists that the human brain is composed of several functional parts, made to facilitate the survival and the reproduction of that particular organism. Therefore, this can be taken to mean that the human brain is not an organ with one single function, but rather as an organism made up of a large number of fully functioning parts. In general, evolutionary psychologists refer to the functional components of organisms as ‘adaptations’, and this is the term applied to the functions of the human brain as well. (Hagen, Edward 2004) It is evident therefore that evolutionary psychology refers to a particular approach to psychology, which uses the accepted principles of evolutionary biology to research the design and the workings of the human mind. It can be described as an approach, or a way of thinking, which can be applied to any subject within it. (Cosmides, Leda, Tooby, John 1997) What are the primary activities of evolutionary psychologists? Charles Darwin had this to say, in the year 1859, â€Å"In the distant future, I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. † Darwin had foreseen the advances that would be made in the field of psychology in the future, and the science of evolutionary psychology was one of his predictions that came true. As mentioned earlier, evolutionary perspectives on human psychology are a part of the larger theory of general selection, and this field has led to greater scientific advancements in areas like sociobiology and ethnobotany, among others. Evolutionary psychologists have to find answers to questions such as how, why and when did human consciousness evolve, are there any differences between the psychology of men and women, and if so, what are they? Are there any differences between the psychologies of various races and ethnicities? Are there are adaptive explanations for human behaviors such as aggressiveness, self destructiveness and so on? Is it true that human consciousness is evolving today, as it has been steadily over the past hundreds and thousands of years? Is it true that human intelligence is inherited, and is it at all in any way influenced by one’s environment? Can the theories of evolutionary psychology accurately describe and explain the reasons behind the common phobias among human beings? One must remember however that several sociologists, anthropologists and psychologists are completely wary of using and understanding the new evolutionary perspective on human brains and behaviors, perhaps because in their opinion, evolutionary psychologists tended to adapt theories from the animal world and apply them to humans, and also, tended to generalize the principles of evolution in a much too dramatic fashion. (Evolutionary Psychology 2003) these are the basic of evolutionary psychology theory: Darwin’s ‘descent with modification’ theory, Hamilton’s ‘inclusive fitness’ theory, Maynard Smith’s ‘game theory’, and Trivers’ ‘optimization’ theory. Take for example the theory of ‘inclusive fitness’. This is also referred to as ‘kin selection’, and therefore forms an important element of evolutionary psychology. Kin selection explains away the fact of altruism and philanthropy, by stating that all genes are invariably ‘selfish’, and that an individual is in reality nothing but a gene’s ‘survival machine’. Nevertheless, since a gene would automatically be passed on to the next generation, if the person who is carrying that gene survives in order to reproduce, or even if any of the several other relatives of the surviving individual survive and reproduce, thereby passing on the gene to the next generation. According to Maynard Smith, this may be the reason why a lapwing will fake being injured in order to lure a predatory hawk away from its offspring, thereby acting in an altruistic manner towards its young. This type of altruism may also benefit non-relatives, because it is an acknowledged fact that the members of the same species will help take care of the youngsters of the species, even if they are not related in any way. The reason why this happens may be because of the fact that the evolved mechanism may not be sufficiently complex to make fine discriminations of this kind. This may be why some people like to take care of pets, while some do not. The people who do have pets are in fact allowing their caretaking mechanism to be exploited. Evolutionary psychology has also been applied into another important are: aggression of the human being. It is an accepted fact that sexual rivalry often leads to blatant aggression, and most violent deaths are caused by man killing another man, or man killing a woman in the name of sexual tension and rivalry. In such a case, violence may be taken to refer to be just one strategy in the plethora of male coercive tools, coercion being the direct result of sexual proprietorship and possessiveness. Men who allow themselves to be cuckolded would then be considered losers of the zero-sum evolutionary game that human beings play in their desire to make sure that their genes get into the next generation. Men use violence as a tool to stop and prevent their mates from sexually engaging with other men, because although maternity is always a given, paternity may not be proven. It is this same principle that works in the case of step-children and their adoptive fathers. These fathers have no interest in their step children, because they are not carrying their genes onto the next generation, and supporting another man’s child may mean that this man is working in opposition to his evolutionary interests. History can prove to man that in general, step fathers indulge in greater violence and aggression towards their step children than towards their biological children, the primary reason being that of ensuring that his genes are carried forward, and not another man’s. (Evolutionary Psychology 1998) According to evolutionary psychologists, there is a lack of fit between the current environment and the adaptation of the brain. In their opinion, if the brain is an adaptation, then there could be no doubt that at some time back in time, there existed some sort of selection for brain mechanisms, which in effect transformed information about environment and its conditions, into human behaviors that could adapt and change in accordance with the requirements of the situation and environment. Selection, however took place because of the manner in which they responded to the environment at the time in which they were selected. Therefore, this theory can be taken to imply that because environmental conditions are different today, the information that is input to the brain is different as well, and as a direct consequence, the brain may respond by generating behavior that may not be adaptive to the new conditions in which it finds itself. Failure to adapt may occur in two ways: either the brain could continue to produce the same older behavior under the newer conditions given, or the brain could produce new behavior that responded to the new information coming in, and the behavior could fail to be of the adaptive sort. This is in fact a rather common behavioral pattern, and when conditions change, the response becomes different from what the designers intended, like for example, as demonstrated by sophisticated computer programs, designed to perform a variety of complicated tasks, are also programmed to produce adaptive outputs as a direct response to certain key commands. At the same time, a new input could confuse the computer and prompt it into giving a completely nonsensical and non-adaptive output in response. In human beings, as evolutionary psychologists theorize, there is in place an evolved behavioral predisposition to make sure that reproductive success is always at its highest level, but this conflates the theory that the human brain was designed through a process of selection, as mentioned earlier. (Buller J David n. d)

Different Ways of Persuading

A few years back, I had a very close friend who never believes that she has the ability to keep up with life. She reiterates that she is ugly and that nobody is going to like her forever. In addition to that, she insists that she is not at all intelligent. She states that she is useless almost every waking moment of her life. What I did was to show her that I extremely like her; see, according to the â€Å"law of liking†, individuals tend to be fond of someone showing fondness to them as well (Rinke, 2006, n. p. ). My persuasive manner of delivery actually changed her belief that nobody is going to like her (Rinke, 2006, n. p. ). When this same close friend of mine got sick of endometriosis, she did not believe that surgery can help her (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). What I did was to combine â€Å"trust, logic, and emotions† to convince her to undergo surgery for her sake (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). I had to tell her that she should trust me and I did that by explaining carefully the procedure of the operation, as well as, the advantages that it will bring her after (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. . The tone of my voice, as well as, my body language surely touched her as well since I was able to convince her eventually (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). There was also a time when she had a terrible family problem (Hogan, 1996, p. 95 – 114). I did not say much, simply because it is enough that I was there to listen and to show her that I care; through the non-verbal communication I carried out, I was able to convince her that her situation is not that bad after all (Hogan, 1996, p. 95 – 114). The gestures, as well as, the eye contacts were convincing enough (Syque, 2007, n. . ). On a final note, in almost all the situations that I have been there with her, I utilized â€Å"reason† to convince her (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). When she told me that she believes all men are bad, I immediately provided her with objective reasons why she should not continue to believe so (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). She was able to draw a commonsensical conclusion eventually after I presented explanations as to why she should not generalize her emotions/perceptions toward men (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ).

Business Project Managing And Assignments Management Essay

Business Project Managing And Assignments Management Essay Introduction Before one can tackle the question at hand, i.e. the decisions that a project manager has to make in order to create a cohesive and productive environment for his project team, one must first be familiar with the basics of project management. Project management is a wide area which has gained relatively greater importance in the last three decades. Managers began to realize that project management techniques and abilities were central to the success or failure of projects and thus a great deal of research and literature was published on the factors that affect and influence project management techniques (Maylor, 2005). Needless to say, project management is an area of study that requires a great deal of study because of the number of variables associated with it. This paper will thus start off by giving a brief overview of project management in a bid to first establish that the environment in which the project team feels motivated can in fact determine the success or fa ilure of a project and then move on to critically analyze different ways in which a project manager can improve this environment per se. Business Project Management (1)Various texts have defined a project differently, one could informally see a project as a bid to accomplish a given objective through a set of interlinked tasks using a given amount of resources. It could be something as simple as planning a wedding or a more complex task like building a new house. More formally, a project can be defined as, â€Å"A complex, non-routine, one-time effort limited by time, budget, resources, and performance specifications designed to meet customer needs (Allan 2004, p.12).† From this formal definition we can deduce some main attributes of projects such as the fact that a project has an established objective, a defined life span, has specific time, cost and performance requirements and requires across-the-organization participation. The main attributes of a project are not only ess ential for planning and implementing the project but ultimately, the success or failure of a project is judged on how well it has adhered to these essential attributes. Basically one has to see how well a project meets customer requirements and whether it has been able to do it within the time, cost and performance requirements that had been initially established. As mentioned earlier, projects can comprise large complex assignments or small tasks spanning only a few days. For practical purposes, one must also be familiar with the prevailing types of organizational structures in order to better understand the various ways in which impending projects are tackled by various organizations. The first kind can be labeled as the functional organizational structure. Different segments of the project are delegated to respective functional units of the organization and coordination is maintained through normal communication channels. Such a structure allows for flexibility, in-depth expertis e and easy post-project transition for team members. At the same time however, there is poor integration, a lack of focus and more importantly a lack of ownership for the success or failure of particular tasks. Then there is the dedicated project team structure. It is normally implemented by projectized organizations that are mainly dependent on one time projects to conduct the bulk of their business. In this system, each task or assignment is treated as a distinct project and a group of employees is put into a project team and handed the sole responsibility of completing that particular project (Burke 2003, p.89). The system is fast, simple, cohesive and allows for cross-functional integration from different departments. On the downside, it proves expensive, leads to internal strife between team members and there arises a problem of post-project transition for the employees. Thirdly, there is the matrix structure. It’s a hybrid organizational structure and seeks to combine t he best attributes of the two structures formerly discussed. Basically, there are two chains of command and project participants report simultaneously to both functional and project managers. The matrix structure achieves a greater integration of expertise and project requirements. There are three sub-types of the matrix organizational structure. In the weak-form matrix, the authority of the functional manager predominates and the project manager only has indirect authority. In the balanced form matrix, the project manager sets the overall plan and the functional manager determines how work is to be done.

Lulu PLC Clothing Manufacturing In China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lulu PLC Clothing Manufacturing In China - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Lulu PLC Company is a textile company specialized in the manufacturing sector and is based in the UK. In the recent years, the company has engaged in business relations targeting international market. Recent developments led to the company developing a manufacturing plant in China. Rapid economic growth and industrial development have been witnessed in China in the recent past. China is ranked third from the U.S and Germany in the rankings of world’s trading nations. Business organizations intending to exploit business opportunities in China has a mandatory task to understand the prevailing business environment as this may have profound consequences in business development. The Cultural and political environment in particular greatly affects any business performance. The government of the People’s Republic of China has over time developed a market economy in the system, which is dominated by socialist characteristics. Soc ialism in China advocate for collective or state ownership of economic resources and their distribution. Equal opportunities to all characterize the mode of production. This poses a challenge to Lulu Company in that it may take time before adjusting to the common ownership and sharing of production resources. Clothing and textile industry has been in the lead among the industries that have dominated the economy of China. She has been a leading country in supplying the world market with the commodity.

In a Better World by Susanne Bier Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

In a Better World by Susanne Bier - Movie Review Example His separation from his wife Marianne has made an impact on the lives of his two sons, specifically, their separation has influenced on the life of his 12 years old son, Elias, who becomes the victim of school bullying. On the other hand, we have a life of Christian who has just shifted back to Denmark from London with his rich-businessman father, Claus. Both of the men are suffering from the death of Christian’s mother, who just died due to cancer. Christian accuses his father of hiding the real state of his mother’s condition till the last moments. With so much anger that is buried deep inside him, he confronts Elias’ oppressors. On one hand, the boys were trying to overcome the schoolyard bullying and, on the other hand, Anton is dealing with a challenging situation in the Sudanese refugee camp. His problem revolves around a person who terrifies his people by cutting open the stomach of the women he sexually assaulted and impregnated in order to verify the gen der of his child. Anton is not sure whether he should or he should not save the life of such a person. Theme and Story of the Movie: The theme of the movie revolves around justice, equality and freedom. ... The whole idea revolves around how Anton fulfills his commitment to his profession and how Christian establishes freedom for the young guy. The story also revolves around the complexities that have surrounded the relationships in society. For instance, Christian relationship with his father, Anton’s with his wife and the emerging friendship between the young Christian and Elias. It projects how relationships can influence a person’s life and how strong or weaker a person can become with or without a sincere relationship in his life. These are a few of the things that people and society, in general, lack today.

Groups and Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Groups and Teams - Essay Example d 20 in forming stage (the initial stage of the team when they are high dependant on other factors such as leader, company, atmosphere, rules and regulations), 22 in storming stage (it is the stage when the members of the team are not sure about their goals, they are familiar with each other but they are not making much progress), 28 in norming stage (a stage where there are arguments and discussion but they are resolved after through work and exercise, the goals have to be achieved with some difficulty and it is hard to bifurcate between the what has to be done and what is the team doing) and 30 in performing stage (a most stable stage in which the team is well aware about the goals and has the ways to achieve them). According to the test taken it has been proven that our team is in the performing stage. It is a stage when the team is clearer about their goals and objectives. The team has a proper vision that they follow. The team is more focused in achieving their goals. The message is clear and in unity, there are certain discussions on various topics but they don’t turn into arguments that can result in a negative impact on the group’s performance. Team work is highly complicated and complex matter, and they need to be handled in a much efficient manner to achieve the desired goals (Chapman, 2013). Each individual in a team has to be understood accordingly and instead of managing them collectively they need to manage individually. Each member had to be given the work that suits their abilities to the best, had to ensure a balance between the work and no discrimination is made between the works distributed. Good teams are formed by good leaders and good leaders. A good leader is a person who is not insecure of his teamwork, understands the responsibilities, ensures that his team is also appreciated in their work and rewarded accordingly. A good team leader is a person who can motivate his employee, and create respect for himself. Where the employees are

The Mystery of Pain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Mystery of Pain - Essay Example Rehabilitation trouble could be reduced if methods like virtual reality are adapted as in the case of "virtual reality for soldier's burn pain" where the patient's brain is diverted by means of cool virtual reality game, providing a sense of chill rather than heat of the pain. This alters the perception of sensory stimulation. In future the technique could gain advantage as it has potentials to calibrate neurons not to have sensation of pain. When human mind perceives the thought of suffering, pain is felt, eventually this very thought leads to enhanced discomfort and the individual recedes from cure because of distress. On the other hand animals do the reverse, they heal their injuries in a natural way. Thus, psychological focus plays an imperative role in sensing pain. It is established fact "little knowledge is dangerous". A person who himself is a physician knows the intensity of injury and is bound to feel more pain as compared to the individual who does not possess sound medica l knowledge, if both encounters the same degree of injury. Here again psychology plays the key role.

Teen Moms Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Teen Moms - Term Paper Example It is quite evident from the available literature that the incidents of adolescents giving birth have been increasing. The biological and economic consequences of teenage pregnancy and parenthood have been largely studied. However, these conclusions confirming its negative impacts have to a large extent influenced the social perception on teenage mothers. It has been established that both the mothers and children in the discussed population are underprivileged due to various reasons. As motherhood limits their scope of further education, resultantly hindering their access to good employment, the chances of these mothers remaining underprivileged is large. Thus the inherent consequences of teen motherhood remain to be same across generations. Wiemann, Rickert, Berenson, & Volk (2005) confirms this argument as they observe that despite the increased visibility of teen mothers and unmarried teen pregnancy, the social stigma around ten mother are significant. Interestingly, there are opi nions which connect to the reciprocal effect of this stigmatization. This school of thought suggests that stigmatization would ultimately result in the positive consequence of reduced teen pregnancies. However, the implications that this futuristic philosophy can have on the present generation of the target population is overseen. In other words, the teen mothers will be socially marginalized. This in no sense is justified in a civilized society. There are several researches which suggest that this stigmatization add to the challenges which they are going through due to their underprivileged social context. A very important factor that has to be considered while understanding the larger social effects posed upon teen mothers is their perception of the societal attitude towards them. The aspect of stigmatization has to be considered in this respect. It has been