Designing a Calculator with FSM Logic

Designing a Calculator with FSM Logic My friend Robert V. 20 is a Course 6-3 (Computer Science) sophomore, the MIT African Students Associations webmaster, and has TAd an interesting IAP class called 6.148, a web development class and competition. Hes a really smart guy, and I found out about this cool post he put up on Medium and asked if I could reformat it and post it to the blogs. Robert is passionate about web design and development, and is also really great at teaching. Hes always the first person that many of our Course 6 freshman friends reach out to for help in their introductory courses. Robert lives in Maseeh Hall, was born in Goma and grew up in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. I hope you enjoy his post as much as I did!   As far as I can tell, making a calculator is a classic first time programmer’s challenge. So, as I was helping some of my fellow underclassmen learn web dev, I suggested making a calculator! For best practice purposes, I also suggested starting off with brainstorming: First, we design how this calculator is going to work, Then, we can implement code for this, And finally, we can make it pretty As we were brainstorming, we naturally through that a coherent design logic for our calculator would be a finite state machine (FSM)! WAIT. What’s a Finite State Machine (FSM)? NOTE: If you’re familiar with FSMs, you can skip this section entirely. An FSM is a mathematical objects made of states, state transitions, and inputs. FSMs are widely used in computer science and engineering to model the behaviors of machines. At any given time, an FSM has one state and can receive inputs. Based on those inputs, the FSM can change both state (through state transitions) and interval variables of the FSM. HERE’S AN EXAMPLE: The state machine of the human body. A very simplified human body has 2 states: hungry and full. When humans are hungry, they need food in order to get back to being in the full state, and at the same time, they may become happy  when they get food. Becoming happy in this case would be an internal variable of the state machine, and eating would be an input. Then, humans use all their energy (the other input) which makes them hungry again. They could become SAD too. So, inputs essentially lead to state change in a state machine. Here’s what this simple human body state machine would look like when graphically represented: Ok, let me show you another example! You’re about to see an FSM that you’re very familiar with but that was just never called an FSM: the state of matter. Right, isn’t that cool? We learn this in high school, but they never call it that way. Anyway, this state machine has 4 states: PLASMA, GAS, SOLID, LIQUID. There are transitions from states to states, which are inputs that are either caused by nature or by humans. Internal states of this state machines could be, for example, the boiling temperature of the given matter, the name of the given matter, etc. Why Are (Finite) State Machines Important? They provide us with a very systematic way of modelling anything that can happen in real life (such as state of matter). Based on state machines, we can easily use mathematics to derive both properties of those machines. State machines are widely used in probabilistic applications, such as modelling the motion of a robot looking for a reward located somewhere the robot does not know using Markov Random Process (which is also a subset of state machines). State machines also allow to naturally and easily expand our model (both through the design and through code). For example, in the human body, we could add another state, not full / not hungry, where the human person could be feeling meh. To add that, we simple create a new state and add some transitions to it. Of course, there are times when other models are better, but state machines work best for certain kinds of applications. Finally, if you’re more interested, here’s an article on embeddedrelated.com by Jason Sacks that goes over a lot more details that I did. If you find this interesting, you will love that article. Back to Calculators Later on, we decided to use the iPhone’s calculator to identify all the possible states in our calculator state machine simply by playing around doing multiple arithmetic computations. And… It quickly turned out to be much more complicated than I thought. Here’s some thought to not using a state machine: Designing a calculator without thinking about all the state machine’s logic is very simple. It works well for most operations, and noticing the imperfections in it can be subtle. However, there are operations that simply do not work well, such as 2 + 4 * 2, which in reality is 2 + (4 * 2) = 10 and can be erroneously evaluated as (2 + 4) * 2 = 12. Another way to design a calculator is one where the user can input expressions, such as 3 * 4, which can be easily evaluated with functions like eval. Not that I am not suggesting using eval (it’s know to be a bad practice); it’s just a quick solution that could help quickly get down to implementing all the UI for the calculator. However, nicely designing a calculator with a correct finite state machine is not that easy. Nevertheless, I decided to pursue this interesting challenge, and this is what I came up with: That looks quite complicated. Let me explain. Note: if you’d like to skip to the end, I posted JavaScript gist code snippet that implements this. The main idea behind a simple calculator is that we receive inputs, and based on those inputs, we make some operations, and if needed, we change the output display on the screen. Inputs may be: numbers (one of 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,.. note that I included the . as a “number”), operations (one of +,-,*,/), equality (i.e. =), or reset (could be C or AC on iPhone. One of them is clear which is same as clear entry and the other is clear all). Then, we can denote the inputs as follows: Operations are OP  for +,-,*,/, OPS for +,-, and OPC for *,/. C for complex, S for simple. Equality is just =. Input numbers may be one of fk, sk, or tk. The k actually stands for the new input’s index for numbers such that a number is a sequence of digit characters f0,f1,f2,,fk-1, and the input makes the number become f0,f1,,fk. For example, in 123, f0=1, f1=2, f2=3 and k-1=2. The input f3=4 will change that number into 1234. The reset button is RES. This is like pressing AC or C on your iPhone’s calculator. Next, I designed the underlying structure of the calculator as blocks of the form: |---|-----|---|-----|---| | F | OP1 | S | OP2 | T | |---|-----|---|-----|---| F stands for “first” as in “first number” OP1 is the first operation S is stands for “second” as in “second number” OP2 is the second operation, and finally T stands for “trailing” as in “trailing number”. By now, you can probably imagine that we’d be doing operations against the first and second number and against the second number against the trailing number, but how are the operations actually made, what do each of those blocks actually mean, and where does the result get stored? Let me explain all of it! The State Logic What we need is to identify all the possible states for this FSM. This is the difficult part. I learned here that this type of calculators try to make the most logical assumption while respecting the rules of mathematics, and it can be beautifully describes with only 7 states! Before diving into these 7 states, first, here’s what the state parameters in a state represent: F - the value of the first number OP1 - the operation between the first and second number S - the value of the second number OP2 - the operation between the second number and trailing number T - the value of the trailing number D - what is displayed on the screen; it can be one of F, S, and T The inputs that I listed above are what will lead to various state transitions. Now, onto the states: STATE 1: INITIAL State So, the initial state looks like: F: 0 OP1: + S: 0 OP2: + T: 0 D: F This is the state we start off with. There’s nothing interesting, and the values that we start with are just zeros and + operations. Pressing RES will take us back to the initial state: it essentially has no effect. YES, self loops are allowed in FSMs. Pressing any number, denoted by fk (which must be equal to f0 for this input coming from the INITIAL state) will take us to the TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state. I will talk about that state next. The number is denoted with lowercase f because it will be filled into the first number F. Note that adding numbers into other blocks will then have to either be sk or tk for block S and block T respectively. Finally, pressing any operation OP will take us to the TRANSITION state. Note that this will change OP1 to become OP, whatever OP may be among +,-,*,/. This state is upcoming as well. STATE 2: TRANSITION FROM INITIAL Let me point out that my naming convention here is a bit weird, but I tried my best to give these states meaningful names. Without further ado, this state looks like this: F: f0...fk-1 OP1: ~OP1 S: ~S OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: F Some things to note: I use the ~ notation to denote that the value of this key is whatever the given state key was before (not that it could be that the state key does not match state key, e.g.: S: ~F). Some later states will cause these values to change and not be + or 0 as in the initial state. So, anyway: Pressing RES will take us to TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state (i.e. back to here) if F is not equal to 0. It will clear F (i.e. set it to 0). Pressing RES will take us back to INITIAL state if F = 0. This means all parameters become what they used to be. i.e. F=0, OP1=+, S=0, D=F, OP2=+, T=0. I will show why this is important at the end. Pressing any number fk will take us back to this same state, TRANSITION FROM INITIAL and simply append fk to f0fk-1. Pressing the = sign will take us to the EQUAL state. Through this, it will make the evaluation (F) OP1 (S) and place the result in the F block when it reaches the equal state. Finally, pressing any operation OP will take us to the TRANSITION state. Note that this will change OP1 to become OP, whatever OP may be among +,-,*,/. This will also duplicate F into S. STATE 3: TRANSITION If you go back to the visual, you will notice that this state is the most frequented state (i.e. has the most arrows coming into it). EQUAL is the second most frequented. Anyway, this state looks like: F: ~F OP1: OP S: ~F OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: F Note that to reach this state, one must press an operation OP; that is the value that OP1 takes! There’s also something funny that happens here: the value of F gets duplicated into S. This is an optimization that was made by the iPhone. It’s a design decision that did not have to happen but works very well. Let’s say you press 3 then *. Then, what happens if you press = ? Do you get a zero because you didn’t type the second number? With this design decision, you’d get a 9 because we assume that you meant 3 * 3. I think it’s cool that they thought of this! Then, pressing any OP leads us back to this state. It simply changes the operation to the new one. Pressing = evaluates (F) OP1 (S) and places the result in F. Then, it takes us to the EQUAL state. Note that when it takes us to the equal state, both OP and S and every other parameters of the state remain unchanged. This is also cool. Do you see why? Maybe it’ll be more obvious once we get into the EQUAL state. Pressing RES takes us back to TRANSITION FROM INITIAL. On the way to it, it removes all the values in F and replaces it with 0. All the other parameters remain unchanged. Finally, pressing another number sk takes us to the TRANSITION FROM TRANSITION state. As you can imagine, this changes the value of S. Note that as coming from TRANSITION, sk = s0 (the very first index of the second number regardless of what S currently is, it will overwrite it). STATE 4: TRANSITION FROM TRANSITION (That naming though… Sigh) This state is interesting. It looks like this: F: ~F OP1: ~OP1 S: s0...sk-1 OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: S You can probably note that the display has now changed from F to S. Now, we’re displaying the second number! Pressing sk takes us back to this same state, it just appends sk to S so that it now becomes s0sk. Pressing = takes us to the EQUAL state. Again, it will evaluate (F) OP1 (S) and place the result in F and also keep all other parameters unchanged. Pressing RES takes us back to TRANSITION FROM TRANSITION if S is not equal to 0. This will clear S and replaces it with 0. Pressing RES when S = 0 will take us back to INITIAL. This means that everything will get back to what it started off with. Finally, pressing OP is the interesting case. There is actually two possible cases here: If we press OPS, we evaluate the expression (F) OP1 (S) and place its result on F. It will also place that same result on S as well. This is because we’re doing a simple + or operation, so we can just evaluate the pression. OP1 will become OPS, whatever it may be. Then, it will take us back to the TRANSITION state. If we press OPC and OP1 = OPC, then we do the same as when we press OPS except it’s OPC. of course. Finally, if we press OPC, we will be taken to the TRAILING state if OP1 is OPS (i.e. if OP1 is one of + or ). In this state, OP2 becomes OPC (i.e. one of * or /) and OP1 is always an OPS. S remains what it was, which is s0sk-1, but T will now get the value of S. The display D and S remain unchanged. STATE 5: TRAILING Why do we have a trailing state? Imagine the expression 9+5*2, should it evaluate to 14*2=28 or should it evaluate to 9+10=19? If you care about Mathematics, you know that multiplication takes precedence. That is why we have both the TRAILING state and the TRANSITION FROM TRAILING state! Note that in this state, OP1 is always OPS and  OP2 is always OPC. The TRAILING state looks like: F: ~F OP1: ~OP1=OPC S: ~S OP2: OPC T: ~S D: S Pressing = takes us to the EQUAL state. The evaluation is different however. First, we evaluate (S) OP2 (T), place the result into S (note that we make this evaluation before moving to the equal state), then we evaluate (F) OP1 (S), which places the result into F (note that we make this evaluation after moving into the equal state). So, now, F is essentially (F) OP1 ((S) OP2 (T)). All other expressions remain unchanged. Pressing RES will take us to the TRANSITION FROM TRAILING state. This will immediately set T = 0 and all parameters will remain unchanged. The display will become T. Someone pressing tk = t0 is essentially equivalent to pressing RES from the TRAILING state. Pressing OPC leads us back to the TRAILING state and simply change the OPC on OP2. Pressing OPS will run the same evaluation done with pressing =, i.e. it will place (F) OP1 ((S) OP2 (T)) into F but also on place it on S. OP1 will be OPS, whatever it may be, and the display will be F. Other keys will remain unchanged. Finally, pressing tk will take us to the TRANSITION FROM TRAILING state. In this case (i.e. coming from TRAILING), tk = t0. The display also changes to D=T . STATE 6: TRANSITION FROM TRAILING This state looks like: F: ~F OP1: ~OPS S: ~S OP2: ~OPC T: t0...tk-1 D: T Pressing RES if T = 0 will take us back to INITIAL state. Everything will be cleared. However, if T is not equal to 0, pressing RES will just clear T (i.e. set it to 0) and remain in this state. Pressing tk will just append tk into the current value of T. Pressing = will evaluate the expression just as evaluated when pressing = during the TRAILING state, and it will take us to the EQUAL state. Pressing OPC will take us to the TRAILING state. This will evaluate (S) OP2 (T) and place the result in both S and T. Then, it will change OP2 to be the new input OPC . The display will change back to S. Pressing OPS will take us to the TRANSITION state. This will evaluate the expression similar to how it’s evaluated in the TRAILING state. STATE 7: EQUAL Whew! Finally, the EQUAL state. This state looks like: F: (F) OP1 (S) OP1: ~OP1 S: ~S OP2: ~OP2 T: ~T D: F Note that the display in the equal state is always F. Pressing = re-evaluates (F) OP1 (S) and places the result into F. Note that S will remain the same in this case. Pressing OP will take us to the TRANSITION state. Then, it will make a copy of F and place it into S. Then, OP1 will be the newly received operation. Pressing fk will take us to the TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state. In this case, fk = f0. Everything else will remain unchanged. Pressing RES will also take us back to the TRANSITION FROM INITIAL state. However, it will delete F and replace it with 0. The Calculator (an example!) Parting Notes This is the calculator shown in the video above. It’s a really nice state machine that works well for these simple operations, and the design is great because it can be easily expanded to more complicated operations such as sin or floor. I wanted to point out that I didn’t really talk about how we are appending to the numbers. In case fk (or equivalently sk and tk ) is . , we only append when there is no . in the number. For example, pressing . when F=243 will make F=243. . However, pressing . when F=23.5 will have no effects! Also, pressing any number other than 0 when F=0 needs to change F into that number (equivalently for S and T). This is definitely not crazy difficult, but I’d say it’s more complicated that it looks, and it’s been a rewarding exercise to actually design this calculator. Here’s code that I wrote that does this in JavaScript (which is meant to be used for a calculator website) Or, check it out on Github. Thanks for reading! Post Tagged #6.148

Louisa May Alcott and Her Work Essay example - 1332 Words

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Indeed, there is great disagreement in explaining the source for the Cold War; some explanations draw on events pre-1945; some draw only on issues of ideology; others look to economics; security concerns dominate some arguments; personalities are seen as the root cause for some historiansRead MoreThe United States And The Origins Of The Cold War1717 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Calvo AMH2042 23 July 2015 The United States and the Origins of the Cold War Essay Thinking about the decisions, strategies and goals of Soviet Union and the United States views on world domination and the possible accomplishment of such. The first and main would be to think and observe critically concerning the worldwide political scenery in the years after World War II (1945). This moment in history; taking all the way through the Cold War, may be seen as a lapse of severe ideological polarization

Phase 1 Individual Project Free Essays

Phase 1 Individual Project The Classroom Predicament Case Study Violet has persuaded Adrian into taking a risk on plagiarism by using someone else work. I think her rate should be a 2. However because Violet is not the student in this case she cannot be held responsible for her actions. We will write a custom essay sample on Phase 1 Individual Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although I do feel that maybe if she would have helped Adrian with some of the work load on the job Adrian could have took the time to write her own paper. Encouraging a student to cheat is just as wrong as the student that has decided to submit a paper that is not one’s own. Louise is not the student in this case but he/she obviously has been or is a student. Therefore he/she is well aware of Academic Integrity Policy. I will have to rate her at a 3 because she did send the email as an attachment to Adrian. Encouraging a student is just as guilty as submitting the assignment essay writer life hacks. Professor Johnston because of his job at the University he is not able to bend the rules for Adrian. I think the Professor should be rated at a 4. There are many ways to help students that are in this type of situation (overwhelmed) because many students prefer to take time away from school and never return. Dean Richards cannot be held responsible for his actions because he is only following protocols. Therefore he can only talk with Adrian and Professor Johnston to get an understanding of her actions. He will have to be ranked at a 5. Adrian is the most responsible I think she should be rate at a 1. Adrian is aware of the Academic Integrity Policy and she understands the consequences that are listed. I think Adrian should have took the time to write her own paper during her down time whether it was on her lunch break or even after work. However because the paper has been submitted I think Adrian should try to go back and submit her own work and see if the Professor would accept it and just deduct points for what she has done. An alternate strategy is to talk to the Professor if that does not work I think she should talk to her Academic Advisor or even the Dean to take some of her load off until she is able to handle things at a normal pace again. I believe if she would have communicated with her boss she would have been in a better situation to catch up and complete all of her assignments on time without plagiarizing. In the future I recommend Adrian talk with her boss as well as her co-worker’s to get the help she need at work in order not to lose focus on her job. Then for her school work if she feels she is not able to perform at her best even with putting her all into it I think she should just take a break and try it later. Now she has a penalty on her record for plagiarizing. Students that are working full-time and have a family are faced with these situations often. There are many ways to communicate with school faculty to get the help one may need or even ones co-workers on the job. Rob was Adrian’s boos in this situation. I do not think that Rob is aware that Adrian is a current student in this situation and there is nowhere in the reading it is mentioned. I think Rob should be rated at a 6 because she is swamped at work with things to complete and because of her workload increase she is not able to maintain her assignments as a student. How to cite Phase 1 Individual Project, Papers

The Evil Rooted In Women Essay Summary Example For Students

The Evil Rooted In Women Essay Summary The Evil Rooted In WomenChaucer, in his female pilgrimage thoughtof women as having an evil-like quality, that they always tempt and takefrom men. They were depicted of untrustworthy, selfish and vain. Throughthe faults of both men and women, Chaucer showed what is right and wrongand how one should live. Under the surface, however, lies a jaded lookof women and how they cause for the downfall of men. (chuckiii, 4) Chaucerobviously had very opinionated views of the manners and behaviors of womenand expressed it strongly in The Canterbury Tales. In his collection oftales, he portrayed two extremes in his prospect of women. The Wife ofBath represented the extravagant and lusty woman where as the Prioressrepresented the admirable and devoted followers of church. (Chaucer, 8)Chaucer delineated the two characters contrastingly in their appearances,general manners, education and most evidently in their behavior towardmen. Yet, in the midst of disparities, both tales left its readers withan unsolved enigma. We will write a custom essay on The Evil Rooted In Women Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Wife of Bath represents the liberalextreme in regards to female stereotypes of the Middle Ages.(chuckiii,4) Unlike most women being anonymous during the Middle Ages, she has amind of her own and voices herself. Furthermore, she thinks extremely highlyof herself and enjoys showing off her Sunday clothes whenever the opportunityarises. She intimidates men and women alike due to the power she possesses. Because of her obnoxious attitude Chaucer makes her toothless, fat andlarge. Doubtlessly, she is very ugly, almost to the point of not-presentable.The Prioress, on the other hand, serves as a foil to the Wife of Bath. Chaucer describes her as tenderhearted who can not bear the sight ofpain or physical suffering. She will cry at the thought of a dog dying. It could represent that she has a frail soul with low tolerance for painand suffering.(fordham, 16) The latter description carries over into themodern stereotypes about women as skittish and afraid members of societywho need to be cared for. (Fordham, 16) Chaucer paints a very delicateand elegant picture of the Prioress. Her manners of eating are far fromthe brutish festivals of the time. Chaucer describes her table mannersas very graceful, not a drop of anything would fall from her mouth, andshe was very polite when taking thing at the table. (lines 131-4). Chaucerslast description of Prioress the letter A around her neck that stoodfor Amor vincit omnia meaning Love conquers all. The brooch symbolizeslove with which her rosaries are adorned is a common accessory for religiousdevotion which carries the courtly love anthem: love conquers all. (info,15) The symbol that she wears delineates that she is perfect. Accordingly,the Wife of Bath is daunting, ostentatious and ultimately ugly. She isnothing in comparison to the Prioress who is elegant, pious, well-manneredand above all loving. The Prioresss superiority over the Wifeof Bath is shown again in the presence of education. The Wife of Bath hastraveled a great deal and seems knowledgeable about things of the world. She brings up many a valid point throughout the prologue but Chaucer voidsher opinion because of her social class and looks when in truth she isactually wise. The Wife of Bath has understanding for the world and knowsvery well whats going on. However, during the Middle Ages, only scholarlyor academic knowledge is recognized.(shef, 14) What the Wife of Bath understandsand pursues may not be commendable. On the contrarily, the Prioress isconsidered scholastic and high class due to her well-manners. Her abilityto speak the noble language French puts her character in a higher classas well.(prioress, 10) Thus, the Prioress is considered erudite and intelligent. Basically, the Wife of Bath is kind of a foil to the women during the MiddleAges. Her actions and thinking not only differ from the Prioress but almostfrom everyone else!!!The Wife of Bath is radical especiallywhen it comes to relationship with men. She is characterized as knowingmuch about love which is illustrated by her physical defect-being gap-toothedsymbolizing sexual accomplishment. The Wife of Bath cannot resist tellingher companions about all of her sexual experiences. She also had five husbandsand countless affairs, thus breaking innocent mens hearts. Her husbandsfell into two categories. The first category of husbands was rich but alsoold and unable to fulfill her sexual demands. The other husbands weresexually vigorous, but harder to control. None of her five marriage wassuccessful because the Wife of Bath was constantly seeking to have powerand control over them. For instance, her fifth but not the last (it wassaid that she on her way of marrying the sixth before she tol d her tale)marriage was unhappy because her husband who is half of her age beats her. .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f , .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f .postImageUrl , .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f , .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f:hover , .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f:visited , .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f:active { border:0!important; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f:active , .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4a996ab6b1550cc87e442e02ccc3713f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Expressions of Art EssayTo anger him, she tore three pages from his book. After this he beats heragain. She pretended to be dead and he felt so guilty that he threw hiswhole book in the fire. This gave her the upper hand for the rest of hislife. What a contrast between the Wife of Bath and the Prioress. First,the violent and deceitful act of tearing books then malingering will neverbe done by the Prioress. Remember, the Prioress is pious, well-mannered,educated, powerful and above all, is LOVING. Second, this issue of marriageand sexual demand will never have its roots in the Prioresss life. Shehas taken the vow of chastity. The Prioress is pure in heart and thinksof men a nd women alike. She does not think sexually about anyone. (I guessedeven if she did, it was only a thought, no actions ever accompanied herthoughts.) Its interesting how the Wife of Bath was always striving tohave sovereignty and the Prioress was granted sovereignty even though shedidnt seek for it intentionally. The Wife of Bath and the Prioress alikehave power over men. It is rare that women are given such high statureduring the Medieval period. (medjugorje, 17) The Prioress as her name suggestsa superioress in a monastic community for women is so important thatthree priests were in her company; she essentially was their boss. (Catholic,9) The hag whom the Wife of Bath identifies with, initially was grantedsovereignty and power over man. This is proven when the hag offers herhusband the choice: he can have her old and ugly and faithful or young,beautiful, and possible unchaste. He tells her to choose; he grants herthe sovereignty. As mentioned above, the Wife of Bath desireswhat most women want and that is power over men. Chaucer portrays the Wifeof Bath as a feminist. Early in the tale, there is a quotation said bythe Wife of Bath supporting the idea that she is feministic. I dont denythat I will have my husbands both my debtor and my slave, and as long asI am his wife he shall suffer in the flesh. I will have command over hisbody during all his life, not he. In other words, she is saying that shewill have total control over herself, her husband, and their householdand very specifically, not just the husband. However, there are also situationswhere she seems to submit to her husband. Nevertheless, since I know yourpleasure I will satisfy your physical pleasure. This was said by the Wifeof Bath and supports the non-feministic view. It is considered non-feministicbecause the woman is giving in to the mans desire which goes against feministicbeliefs. The Wife of Bath has a choice of not giving in to the man, but she decides to let the man have pleasure for his desire not hers, becausefrom her past experience she knew how much men enjoy it when women aresubmissive. This quotation obviously goes against feministic beliefs, leavingan unanswered contradiction about the Wife of Bath. The character of thePrioress in the same light, certainly keeps one guessing. Is her tale theproduct of the simple mind, or of one poisoned by anti-Semitism?(theater,11) The Prioress supposedly is pious, well-mannered, educated, powerful,and all loving. Ironically, her prologue and tale contain strong elementsof anti-Semitism. This is shown through her use of the Jew as the villainof her tale. However, there is no historical evidence of ritual murderof Christian children by Jews, but that would not have mattered to thepilgrims.(fordham, 3) Anti-Semitism, directed at a people thought to haveboth rejected and murdered Christ, was distressingly deep-seated. (icg,2) This bigotry unfortunately was rampant at the time, an d both the sentimentsand their being expressed in the context of a religious story would nothave seemed strange to Chaucers pilgrimage.(theather, 11) Nevertheless,on a less depressing note, her tale can tell us something of the medievalattitude towards simple piety and miracles, which also was quite prevalent.(icg,2)Personally, I think this is a story about a Christian miracle; I dontthink it is about he Jews at all. Besides, the Jews were expelled fromEngland in 1290.(huntington, 7) The Jew only functions as a vehicle topoint up the miracle. Yet, whether this tale is the product of the simplemind or anti-Semitism still remains an enigma. This is here the only timewhen the Wife of Bath and the Prioress relate to each other. .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 , .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 .postImageUrl , .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 , .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202:hover , .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202:visited , .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202:active { border:0!important; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202:active , .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202 .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa981b1f51cd54b487438e7609a5a202:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Artificial Intelligence EssayThe Wife of Bath is seeming feministicyet there are also some situations in which she do as the men wish. ThePrioress keeps one wondering. Most of the ecclesiastical characters inthe Canterbury Tales are clearly either truly pious or, more often, blatantlyavaricious and hypocritical.(chuckiii, 5) The Prioress seems to be a perfectlady or is she Chaucer portrays the tale of Wife of Bath as hypocriticalbut between the lines there is some helpful advice for many women in theworld today. Chaucer, maybe is trying to educate women through her talethat there are times one should be a feminist and times one should not. If a woman would be a feminist all her life, she probably wouldnt getanywhere in her life or with any man. If a woman were not to have a feministiccharacter anytime of her life, she would be overwhelmed by most men, ofwork or whatever the case may be.(icg,) However, with the tale of the Prioress,I dont think Chaucer intended to get any message across. This portionof the Canterbury Tales seems like a beautiful sonnet. He seems to describeas if he was in love with her. When Chaucer describes other characters,he does not go into such great details of their actions.(vahid, 1) Butwith the Prioress, it seems like one can picture and see the her eatingher elegantly. (line 52). Chaucer may have lusted after a woman of thechurch is that he left us with the description of her brooch. This is whathe wants us to see when we think of the prioress; a devotion to love.(vahid,1)In conclusion, it is not only in the narrationthat women are thought of as having an depraved mind, that they alwaystempt a nd take from men, but in almost of the stories. They are depictedof deceitful, egotistic and vain throughout the collection of tales. Throughthe tales of the Wife of Bath and the Prioress, Chaucer represented thetwo extremes in his view of women. Wife of Bath represented the radicalextreme where as the Prioress represented the woman as glorious and commendable. These two characters constantly served as the foil against each other inappearances, general manners, education and most evidently in their behaviortoward men. However, they stand in one common ground in which their talesleft the readers in a quandary.!!Bibliography1. World Wide Web. http://eee.uci.edu/Vahid Berdjis2. World Wide Web. http://icg.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer/index.html. 3. World Wide Web. http://www.ford.ham.edu/halsall/source/g10-jews.html4. World Wide Web. http://www.chuckiii.com/chi.bin/clickcount5. World Wide Web. http://www.chuckiii.com/adspa/ads.cgi?advert=data36. World Wide Web. http://www.canterburytales.org/canterburyphp3?elf7. World Wide Web. http://www.huntington.org/libarayDiv/Chuacerpitct.html8. World Wide Web. http://www/icg.fst.harvard/edu/~chaucer9. World Wide Web. http://www.catholicencyclopedia/~prioress10. World Wide Web. http://www/prioress.org/advent11. World Wide Web. http://yahoo.com/theatercommentary/Prioresstale/procovative/forum/anti-semitism?bin/html12. World Wide Web. http://geocities.yahoo.com/addons/interact/mbe.html13. World Wide Web. http://etext.virginia.edu/CT.html14. World Wide Web. http://www.shef.ac.uk/uni/academic/I-Mis/ 15. World Wide Web. http://www/info.ox.ac.uk/department/humanites/canterbury.html16. World Wide Web. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall.source/in3/consjews.html17. World Wide Web. http://www.medjugorje.org/lofficep.htm

Chapter 21 Essays - World History, Turkic Peoples, Ottoman Empire

Chapter 21 Essays - World History, Turkic Peoples, Ottoman Empire Chapter 21 The Muslim Empires I. Introduction A. Muslim world essentially destroyed by those pesky Mongols B. But then...out of nowhere...came the return of the Muslims 1. Ottoman Empire - the biggest 2. Safavid Empire - Afghanistan and Iran 3. Mughal - the northern part of India C. These "gunpowder empires" could be compared with Russia and the West 1. In fact...they probably will be on a test not far, far away a. All militarily important b. Interacted far less with west than Russia c. Maintained control over how much they wanted to deal w/ West II. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders A. Introduction 1. Turkic-speaking peoples a. Some fleeing Mongols, some looking for booty b. Osman leads one of these peoples - the Ottomans 2. Ottomans attack Byzantine Empire a. Finally Mehmed II defeats Constantinople b. Big bad guns too much for big bad walls 3. Extending the Ottoman Empire a. Scary naval power in Mediterranean b. Spread empire down to Egypt and across N. Africa 1. Looks kind of like what the Roman Empire looked like, w/out Europe c. Threatened Vienna, but didn't take d. But...Europe afraid of Ottomans for centuries...always in back of mind 1. Near the hypothalamus area B. A State Geared to Warfare 1. Economy and social class based on warfare a. Warrior class goes to top...surprise...guess who got to make the rules b. Competed for power with religious leaders and administrators 2. Army of Janissaries a. aka "Really Good Christian Slave Soldiers that Fight For Us" 1. Some given by parents, some taken forcibly 2. Schooled and could become bureaucrats 3. Hey...this is another type of coerced labor...interesting b. Became more powerful than cavalry - threatened aristocracy 1. What's scarier...Mr. Ed the Horse or a canon and gun? C. The Sultans and Their Court 1. Sultans control those beneath and economy a. Manipulated factions - aristocracy, religious, administrators b. Commerce given to Christians/Jews - "people of the book" 2. Sultans grow distant from the masses a. This will surprise you, but...sultans got richer b. Spent all their days blowing money on wives, rituals and palaces c. Viziers ended up taking control - think Prime Minister 3. Problems with succession a. Like the rest of the Muslim world (similarity), succession confusing b. When you have a harem, you have many sons 1. You die...they fight each other 2. Losing sons sometimes fled to enemy nations to stage revolt D. Constantinople Restored and the Flowering of Ottoman Culture 1. Changing Constantinople a. After destroyed/sacked - rebuilt b. Hagia Sophia converted from cathedral to mosque c. Aqueducts built, markets reopened, city's walls repaired 2. Future sultans try to improve mosques, infrastructure a. Architecture blends best of Muslim/Byzantine world a. Mansions, rest houses, schools, hospitals, gardens b. Fun and exciting markets c. Coffeehouses became centers of socialization, literary sharing and ingesting of caffeinated beverages 3. Regulation of merchants and artisans a. Government inspectors monitored quality of goods/artisans b. Artisans joined together in guilds - that sounds just like Europe 4. Language shift to Turkish a. Ummm...they shifted language to Turkish - literature and official business E. The Problem of Ottoman Decline 1. Different perspectives of Ottoman Empire a. Some talk about how bad decline was b. Eventually became "sick man" of Europe 2. Long decline means actually quite strong a. How many other empires have are around for 600 years 1. US has been an empire for about 61 years...but we've been declining for 28 months b. By 17th century, they started retreat from Russia, Europe, Arab lands c. Too large to be maintained - gave regional autonomy 3. Breakdown of regional administration a. Officials became corrupt 1. Locals leaders hold back money from incompetent nincompoops 2. Some rebellions at the local level 4. Problems of imperial administration a. Future leaders not groomed, but hidden away for protection 1. Monarchs kept alive, but fairly unprepared/nave b. Leaders no longer fierce military leaders, but pampered c. Power of military started to fade F. Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat 1. Ottomans fall further behind Europeans a. Reliance on super huge cannons b. Janissaries don't want military change that threatens their position 1. Sounds a bit like the samurai...oohh...another connection 2. Muslim sea power ends in 16th century a. Battle of Lepanto - Spanish/Venetians wipe them out b. Fleet rebuilt, but damage done 1. Portuguese

Biography of Anne Neville, Queen of Richard III

Biography of Anne Neville, Queen of Richard III Anne Neville (June 11, 1456- March 16, 1485) was first married to the young Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales and son of Henry VII, and later became the wife of Richard of Gloucester (Richard III) and thus Queen of England. She was a key figure, if more or less a pawn, in the Wars of the Roses. Fast Facts: Anne Neville Known For: Wife of Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI; wife of Richard of Gloucester; when Richard became King as Richard III, Anne became Queen of EnglandBorn: June 11, 1456 at Warwick Castle in London, EnglandParents: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and his wife Anne BeauchampDied: March 16, 1485 in London, EnglandSpouse(s): Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI (m. 1470–1471); Richard, Duke of Gloucester, later Richard III, brother of Edward IV (m. 1472- 1485)Children: Edward, Prince of Wales (c. 1473–1484) Early Life Anne Neville was born June 11, 1456, at Warwick Castle in London, England, and likely lived there and in other castles held by her family while she was a child. She did attend various formal celebrations, including the feast celebrating the marriage of Margaret of York in 1468.   Annes father  Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, was called the Kingmaker for his shifting and influential roles in the Wars of the Roses.  He was a nephew of the  Duke of Yorks  wife, Cecily Neville, mother of Edward IV and Richard III. He came into considerable property and wealth when he married  Anne Beauchamp. They had no sons, only two daughters, of whom Anne Neville was the younger, and Isabel (1451–1476) the elder.  These daughters would inherit a fortune, and thus their marriages were especially important in the royal marriage game. Anne as Goods for Alliances In 1460, Annes father  and his uncle, Edward, Duke of York and Earl of March, defeated Henry VI at Northampton. In 1461, Edward was proclaimed King of England as Edward IV. Edward married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, surprising Warwick, who had plans for a more advantageous marriage for him. By 1469, Warwick had turned against Edward IV and the Yorkists and joined the Lancastrian cause promoting the return of Henry VI. Henrys queen, Margaret of Anjou, was heading the Lancastrian effort from France. Warwick married his older daughter, Isabel, to George, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Edward IV, while the parties were in Calais, France.  Clarence switched from the York to the Lancaster party. Edward, Prince of Wales The next year, Warwick, apparently to convince Margaret of Anjou that he was trustworthy (because he had originally sided with Edward IV in unseating Henry VI), married his daughter Anne to Henry VIs son and heir apparent, Edward of Westminster. The marriage was held in Bayeux in mid-December of 1470. Warwick, Edward of Westminster accompanied Queen Margaret as she and her army invaded England, Edward IV fled to Burgundy. Annes marriage to Edward of Westminster convinced Clarence that Warwick had no intention to promote his kingship. Clarence switched sides and rejoined his Yorkist brothers. York Victories, Lancastrian Losses On April 14, 1471 at the Battle of Barnet, the Yorkist party was victorious, and Annes father, Warwick, and a brother of Warwick, John Neville, were among those killed. Then on May 4, in the Battle of Tewkesbury, the Yorkists won another decisive victory over Margaret of Anjous forces, and Annes young husband, Edward of Westminster, was killed either during the battle or shortly after. With his heir dead, the Yorkists had Henry VI killed days later.  Edward IV, now victorious and restored, imprisoned Anne, widow of Edward of Westminster and no longer Princess of Wales.  Clarence took custody of Anne and her mother. Richard of Gloucester When siding with the Yorkists earlier, Warwick, in addition to marrying his older daughter, Isabel Neville, to George, Duke of Clarence, had been trying to marry his younger daughter Anne to Edward IVs youngest brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Anne and Richard were first cousins once removed, as were George and Isabel, all descended from Ralph de Neville and Joan Beaufort. (Joan was the legitimized daughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and Katherine Swynford.)   Clarence tried to prevent the marriage of his wifes sister to his brother. Edward IV also opposed the marriage of Anne and Richard.  Because  Warwick had no sons, his valuable lands and titles would go to his daughters husbands at his death. Clarences motivation likely was that he didnt want to divide his wifes inheritance with his brother. Clarence attempted to take Anne in as his ward in order to control her inheritance. But under circumstances that are not fully known to history, Anne escaped Clarences control and she took sanctuary at a church in London, probably with Richards organization. It took two acts of parliament to set aside the rights of Anne Beauchamp, mother of Anne and Isabel, and a cousin, George Neville, and to divide the estate between Anne Neville and Isabel Neville. Anne, who had been widowed in May of 1471, married Richard, Duke of Gloucester, brother of Edward IV, perhaps in March or July of 1472.  He then claimed Annes inheritance.  The date of their marriage is not certain, and there is no evidence of a papal dispensation for such close relatives to marry.  A son, Edward, was born in 1473 or 1476, and a second son, who did not live long, may have been born as well. Annes sister Isabel died in 1476, shortly after her birth of a short-lived fourth child. George, Duke of Clarence, was executed in 1478 for plotting against Edward IV; Isabel had died in 1476. Anne Neville took charge of raising the children of Isabel and Clarence.  Their daughter, Margaret Pole, was executed much later, in 1541, by Henry VIII. The Young Princes Edward IV died in 1483. On his death, his minor son Edward became Edward V. But the young prince was never crowned. He was put into the charge of his uncle, Annes husband, Richard of Gloucester, as Protector. Prince Edward and, later, his younger brother were taken to the Tower of London, where they disappeared from history. Its presumed that they were killed, although its not clear when. Stories have long circulated that Richard III was responsible for the deaths of his nephews, the Princes in the Tower, to remove rival claimants for the crown. Henry VII, Richards successor, also had motive and, if the princes survived Richards reign, would have had the opportunity to have them killed. A few have pointed at Anne Neville herself as having the motivation to order the deaths. Heirs to the Throne While the princes were still being held under Richards control. Richard had his brothers marriage to Elizabeth Woodville declared invalid and his brothers children declared illegitimate on June 25, 1483, thereby inheriting the crown himself as the legitimate male heir. Anne was crowned as Queen and their son Edward was made Prince of Wales. But Edward died on April 9, 1484; Richard adopted Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of his sister, as his heir, probably at Annes request. Anne may have been unable to bear another child due to her ill health. Annes Death Anne, who reportedly was never very healthy, fell ill in early 1485 and died on March 16. Buried in Westminster Abbey, her grave was unmarked until 1960. Richard quickly named a different heir to the throne, his sister Elizabeths adult son, the Earl of Lincoln. With Annes death, Richard was rumored to be plotting to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York, to secure a stronger claim to the succession. Stories soon circulated that Richard had poisoned Anne to get her out of the way. If that was his plan, he was foiled. Richard IIIs reign ended on August 22, 1485, when he was defeated by Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth. Henry was crowned Henry VII and married Elizabeth of York, bringing to an end the Wars of the Roses. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the son of Annes sister and Richards brother whom Richard adopted as heir, was imprisoned in the Tower of London by Richards successor, Henry VII, and executed after he attempted to escape in 1499. Annes possessions included a book of the  Visions of St. Matilda  which she had signed as Anne Warrewyk. Fictional Representations Shakespeare: In Richard III, Anne appears early in the play with the body of her father-in-law, Henry VI; she blames Richard for his death and that of her husband, the Prince of Wales, son on Henry VI. Richard charms Anne, and, though she also loathes him, she marries him. Richard early reveals that he does not intend to keep her long, and Anne is suspicious that he intends to kill her. She conveniently disappears as Richard begins a plan to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York. Shakespeare takes considerable creative license with history in his story of Anne. The time of the play is much compressed, and motives are likely also exaggerated or changed for literary effect. In the historical timeline, Henry VI and his son, Annes first husband, were killed in 1471; Anne married Richard in 1472; Richard III took power in 1483 soon after his brother, Edward IV, died suddenly, and Richard ruled for two years, dying in 1485. The White Queen: Anne Neville was a major character in the 2013 miniseries The White Queen, which was based on the novel of the same name (2009) by Philippa Gregory. Recent fictional representation: Anne was the subject of  The Rose of York: Love War by Sandra Worth, a 2003 work of historical fiction. Another Anne Neville A much later Anne Neville (1606–1689) was a daughter of Sir Henry Neville and Lady Mary Sackville.  Her mother, a Catholic, influenced her to join the Benedictines. She was abbess at Pointoise. Sources Gregory, Phillippa. The White Queen: A Novel. New York: Touchstone, 2009.  Hicks, Michael. Anne Neville: Queen to Richard III. Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2011.  Licence, Amy. Anne Neville: Richard IIIs Tragic Queen. Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, 2013.